Reassessment of the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Sri Lanka to enable a more focused control programme: a cross-sectional national school survey with spatial modelling

• Main Authors: Dileepa Senajith Ediriweera, MSc, Sharmini Gunawardena, ProfMD, Nipul Kithsiri Gunawardena, ProfPhD, Devika Iddawela, ProfPhD, Selvam Kannathasan, ProfPhD, Arumugam Murugananthan, MPhil, Channa Yahathugoda, ProfPhD, Arunasalam Pathmeswaran, ProfMD, Peter John Diggle, ProfPhD, Nilanthi de Silva, ProfMD
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2019-09-01
• Series: The Lancet Global Health
• Online Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X19302530

Summary: Background: In Sri Lanka, deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminth infections became an integral part of school health in the 1960s, whereas routine antenatal deworming with mebendazole started in the 1980s. A 2003 national soil-transmitted helminth survey done among schoolchildren found an overall prevalence of 6·9%. In our study, we aimed to reassess the national prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections to enable implementation of a more focused control programme that targets smaller administrative areas at risk of continued transmission. Methods: We did a cross-sectional, school-based, national survey using multistage stratified cluster sampling, covering all nine provinces as well as populations at high risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections living in urban slums and in plantation-sector communities. Our study population was children aged 5–7 years attending state schools. Faecal samples were collected and analysed with duplicate modified Kato-Katz smears. We modelled the risk of soil-transmitted helminth infection using generalised linear mixed-effects models, and we developed prevalence maps to enable informed decision making at the smallest health administrative level in the country. Findings: Between Jan 23 and May 9, 2017, we recruited 5946 children from 130 schools; 4276 (71·9%) children provided a faecal sample for examination. National prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection was 0·97% (95% CI 0·63–1·48) among primary schoolchildren. Prevalence in the high-risk communities surveyed was higher than national prevalence: 2·73% (0·75–6·87) in urban slum communities and 9·02% (4·29–18·0) in plantation sector communities. Our prevalence maps showed that the lowest-level health administrative regions could be categorised into low risk (prevalence <1%), high risk (prevalence >10%), or intermediate risk (1–10%) areas. Interpretation: Our survey findings indicate that the national prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection has continued to decline in Sri Lanka. On the basis of WHO guidelines, we recommend discontinuation of routine deworming in low-risk areas, continuation of annual deworming in high-risk areas, and deworming once every 2 years in intermediate-risk areas, for at least 4 years. Funding: Task Force for Global Health and WHO.