Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Abstract Background Between 2011 and 2018, an estimated 134.8 million pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed nationwide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for malaria control. Pyrethroid resistance has developed in DRC in recent years, but the intensity of...
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2020-04-01
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Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03240-6 |
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record_format |
Article |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Francis Wat’senga Fiacre Agossa Emile Z. Manzambi Gillon Illombe Tania Mapangulu Tamfum Muyembe Tiffany Clark Mame Niang Ferdinand Ntoya Aboubacar Sadou Mateusz Plucinski Yikun Li Louisa A. Messenger Christen Fornadel Richard M. Oxborough Seth R. Irish |
spellingShingle |
Francis Wat’senga Fiacre Agossa Emile Z. Manzambi Gillon Illombe Tania Mapangulu Tamfum Muyembe Tiffany Clark Mame Niang Ferdinand Ntoya Aboubacar Sadou Mateusz Plucinski Yikun Li Louisa A. Messenger Christen Fornadel Richard M. Oxborough Seth R. Irish Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo Malaria Journal Pyrethroid Resistance intensity Democratic Republic of Congo Anopheles gambiae CDC bottle bioassay WHO susceptibility test |
author_facet |
Francis Wat’senga Fiacre Agossa Emile Z. Manzambi Gillon Illombe Tania Mapangulu Tamfum Muyembe Tiffany Clark Mame Niang Ferdinand Ntoya Aboubacar Sadou Mateusz Plucinski Yikun Li Louisa A. Messenger Christen Fornadel Richard M. Oxborough Seth R. Irish |
author_sort |
Francis Wat’senga |
title |
Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
title_short |
Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
title_full |
Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
title_fullStr |
Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
title_full_unstemmed |
Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo |
title_sort |
intensity of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the democratic republic of congo |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Malaria Journal |
issn |
1475-2875 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Between 2011 and 2018, an estimated 134.8 million pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed nationwide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for malaria control. Pyrethroid resistance has developed in DRC in recent years, but the intensity of resistance and impact on LLIN efficacy was not known. Therefore, the intensity of resistance of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to permethrin and deltamethrin was monitored before and after a mass distribution of LLINs in Kinshasa in December 2016, and in 6 other sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018. Methods In Kinshasa, CDC bottle bioassays using 1, 2, 5, and 10 times the diagnostic dose of permethrin and deltamethrin were conducted using An. gambiae s.l. collected as larvae and reared to adults. Bioassays were conducted in four sites in Kinshasa province 6 months before a mass distribution of deltamethrin-treated LLINs and then two, six, and 10 months after the distribution. One site in neighbouring Kongo Central province was used as a control (no mass campaign of LLIN distribution during the study). Nationwide intensity assays were conducted in six sites in 2017 using CDC bottle bioassays and in 11 sites in 2018 using WHO intensity assays. A sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. was tested by PCR to determine species composition and frequency of kdr-1014F and 1014S alleles. Results In June 2016, before LLIN distribution, permethrin resistance intensity was high in Kinshasa; the mean mortality rate was 43% at the 5× concentration and 73% at the 10× concentration. Bioassays at 3 time points after LLIN distribution showed considerable variation by site and time and there was no consistent evidence for an increase in pyrethroid resistance intensity compared to the neighbouring control site. Tests of An. gambiae s.l. in 6 sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018 showed all populations were resistant to the diagnostic doses of 3 pyrethroids. In 2018, the intensity of resistance varied by site, but was generally moderate for all three pyrethroids, with survivors at ×5 the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the most common species identified across 11 sites in DRC, but in Kinshasa, An. gambiae s.s. (91%) and Anopheles coluzzii (8%) were sympatric. Conclusions Moderate or high intensity pyrethroid resistance was detected nationwide in DRC and is a serious threat to sustained malaria control with pyrethroid LLINs. Next generation nets (PBO nets or bi-treated nets) should be considered for mass distribution. |
topic |
Pyrethroid Resistance intensity Democratic Republic of Congo Anopheles gambiae CDC bottle bioassay WHO susceptibility test |
url |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03240-6 |
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doaj-a52c729443d04744bb5cf020f9c48d2b2020-11-25T02:01:58ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752020-04-0119111310.1186/s12936-020-03240-6Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of CongoFrancis Wat’senga0Fiacre Agossa1Emile Z. Manzambi2Gillon Illombe3Tania Mapangulu4Tamfum Muyembe5Tiffany Clark6Mame Niang7Ferdinand Ntoya8Aboubacar Sadou9Mateusz Plucinski10Yikun Li11Louisa A. Messenger12Christen Fornadel13Richard M. Oxborough14Seth R. Irish15Institut National de Recherche BiomédicaleUSAID President’s Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt AssociatesInstitut National de Recherche BiomédicaleInstitut National de Recherche BiomédicaleInstitut National de Recherche BiomédicaleInstitut National de Recherche BiomédicaleUSAID President’s Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt AssociatesU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious DiseaseUSAID President’s Malaria Initiative, VectorLink Project, Abt AssociatesU.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAbstract Background Between 2011 and 2018, an estimated 134.8 million pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed nationwide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for malaria control. Pyrethroid resistance has developed in DRC in recent years, but the intensity of resistance and impact on LLIN efficacy was not known. Therefore, the intensity of resistance of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to permethrin and deltamethrin was monitored before and after a mass distribution of LLINs in Kinshasa in December 2016, and in 6 other sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018. Methods In Kinshasa, CDC bottle bioassays using 1, 2, 5, and 10 times the diagnostic dose of permethrin and deltamethrin were conducted using An. gambiae s.l. collected as larvae and reared to adults. Bioassays were conducted in four sites in Kinshasa province 6 months before a mass distribution of deltamethrin-treated LLINs and then two, six, and 10 months after the distribution. One site in neighbouring Kongo Central province was used as a control (no mass campaign of LLIN distribution during the study). Nationwide intensity assays were conducted in six sites in 2017 using CDC bottle bioassays and in 11 sites in 2018 using WHO intensity assays. A sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. was tested by PCR to determine species composition and frequency of kdr-1014F and 1014S alleles. Results In June 2016, before LLIN distribution, permethrin resistance intensity was high in Kinshasa; the mean mortality rate was 43% at the 5× concentration and 73% at the 10× concentration. Bioassays at 3 time points after LLIN distribution showed considerable variation by site and time and there was no consistent evidence for an increase in pyrethroid resistance intensity compared to the neighbouring control site. Tests of An. gambiae s.l. in 6 sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018 showed all populations were resistant to the diagnostic doses of 3 pyrethroids. In 2018, the intensity of resistance varied by site, but was generally moderate for all three pyrethroids, with survivors at ×5 the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the most common species identified across 11 sites in DRC, but in Kinshasa, An. gambiae s.s. (91%) and Anopheles coluzzii (8%) were sympatric. Conclusions Moderate or high intensity pyrethroid resistance was detected nationwide in DRC and is a serious threat to sustained malaria control with pyrethroid LLINs. Next generation nets (PBO nets or bi-treated nets) should be considered for mass distribution.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03240-6PyrethroidResistance intensityDemocratic Republic of CongoAnopheles gambiaeCDC bottle bioassayWHO susceptibility test |