Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media
<b> </b>Salt damage is one of the most common and serious diseases in silicate cultural relics. In this research, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (low-field NMR), automatic high-speed X-ray microtomography imaging, polarized light microscopy, and ultra-depth of field microscopy were...
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doaj-a78e1f382b034e0ba6186dc942bc148f2020-11-25T03:03:50ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522020-05-011044444410.3390/cryst10060444Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different MediaJing Zhao0Hongjie Luo1Xiao Huang2Ancient Ceramics Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, ChinaAncient Ceramics Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, ChinaInstitute for the Conservation of Culture Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China<b> </b>Salt damage is one of the most common and serious diseases in silicate cultural relics. In this research, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (low-field NMR), automatic high-speed X-ray microtomography imaging, polarized light microscopy, and ultra-depth of field microscopy were applied to investigate the migration, distribution, and crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the surface of hydrophilic media, glass capillaries, and porous SiO<sub>2</sub> materials, respectively. The results show that these two salts have different crystal growth behaviors in the same medium. NaCl grows in a granular form on the surface of hydrophilic medium and generally crystallizes outside the glass capillary tube, whereas Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> grows in a circular ring and always crystallizes inside, and some bubbles can be seen clearly in the hydrophilic medium. Meanwhile, different from NaCl, which is mainly concentrated on the upper surface of SiO<sub>2</sub> sample, the migration of the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>solution is distributed in the whole sample, and crystals accumulate on the interior of the sample surface. The different crystallization behaviors of salts are speculated to be related to damage conditions such as efflorescence and mural blisters in silicate cultural relics.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/444salt damagepenetration depthmigrationdistributioncrystallization |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jing Zhao Hongjie Luo Xiao Huang |
spellingShingle |
Jing Zhao Hongjie Luo Xiao Huang Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media Crystals salt damage penetration depth migration distribution crystallization |
author_facet |
Jing Zhao Hongjie Luo Xiao Huang |
author_sort |
Jing Zhao |
title |
Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media |
title_short |
Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media |
title_full |
Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media |
title_fullStr |
Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media |
title_full_unstemmed |
Migration, Distribution, and Crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solutions in Three Different Media |
title_sort |
migration, distribution, and crystallization of nacl and na<sub>2</sub>so<sub>4</sub> solutions in three different media |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Crystals |
issn |
2073-4352 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
<b> </b>Salt damage is one of the most common and serious diseases in silicate cultural relics. In this research, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (low-field NMR), automatic high-speed X-ray microtomography imaging, polarized light microscopy, and ultra-depth of field microscopy were applied to investigate the migration, distribution, and crystallization of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the surface of hydrophilic media, glass capillaries, and porous SiO<sub>2</sub> materials, respectively. The results show that these two salts have different crystal growth behaviors in the same medium. NaCl grows in a granular form on the surface of hydrophilic medium and generally crystallizes outside the glass capillary tube, whereas Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> grows in a circular ring and always crystallizes inside, and some bubbles can be seen clearly in the hydrophilic medium. Meanwhile, different from NaCl, which is mainly concentrated on the upper surface of SiO<sub>2</sub> sample, the migration of the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>solution is distributed in the whole sample, and crystals accumulate on the interior of the sample surface. The different crystallization behaviors of salts are speculated to be related to damage conditions such as efflorescence and mural blisters in silicate cultural relics. |
topic |
salt damage penetration depth migration distribution crystallization |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/10/6/444 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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