To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses
Over the past 1–2 decades we have witnessed a resurgence of efforts to therapeutically exploit the attributes of lytic viruses to infect and kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. We now appreciate that the utility of viruses for treating cancer extends far beyond lytic cell death. Viruses are...
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doaj-aab4511464bc46d2a31f932ab594d3c92020-11-24T22:52:06ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152016-02-01824310.3390/v8020043v8020043To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic VirusesKevin A. Cassady0Kellie B. Haworth1Josh Jackson2James M. Markert3Timothy P. Cripe4Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USACenter for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USASchool of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USACenter for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USAOver the past 1–2 decades we have witnessed a resurgence of efforts to therapeutically exploit the attributes of lytic viruses to infect and kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. We now appreciate that the utility of viruses for treating cancer extends far beyond lytic cell death. Viruses are also capable of eliciting humoral and cellular innate and adaptive immune responses that may be directed not only at virus-infected cells but also at uninfected cancer cells. Here we review our current understanding of this bystander effect, and divide the mechanisms into lytic, cytokine, innate cellular, and adaptive phases. Knowing the key pathways and molecular players during virus infection in the context of the cancer microenvironment will be critical to devise strategies to maximize the therapeutic effects of oncolytic viroimmunotherapy.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/2/43oncolytic virotherapyimmunotherapycancer |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kevin A. Cassady Kellie B. Haworth Josh Jackson James M. Markert Timothy P. Cripe |
spellingShingle |
Kevin A. Cassady Kellie B. Haworth Josh Jackson James M. Markert Timothy P. Cripe To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses Viruses oncolytic virotherapy immunotherapy cancer |
author_facet |
Kevin A. Cassady Kellie B. Haworth Josh Jackson James M. Markert Timothy P. Cripe |
author_sort |
Kevin A. Cassady |
title |
To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses |
title_short |
To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses |
title_full |
To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses |
title_fullStr |
To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses |
title_full_unstemmed |
To Infection and Beyond: The Multi-Pronged Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses |
title_sort |
to infection and beyond: the multi-pronged anti-cancer mechanisms of oncolytic viruses |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2016-02-01 |
description |
Over the past 1–2 decades we have witnessed a resurgence of efforts to therapeutically exploit the attributes of lytic viruses to infect and kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. We now appreciate that the utility of viruses for treating cancer extends far beyond lytic cell death. Viruses are also capable of eliciting humoral and cellular innate and adaptive immune responses that may be directed not only at virus-infected cells but also at uninfected cancer cells. Here we review our current understanding of this bystander effect, and divide the mechanisms into lytic, cytokine, innate cellular, and adaptive phases. Knowing the key pathways and molecular players during virus infection in the context of the cancer microenvironment will be critical to devise strategies to maximize the therapeutic effects of oncolytic viroimmunotherapy. |
topic |
oncolytic virotherapy immunotherapy cancer |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/2/43 |
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