Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran
<b> </b>We generated high-quality shallow landslide susceptibility maps for Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran, using Random Forest (RAF), an ensemble computational intelligence method and three meta classifiers—Bagging (BA, BA-RAF), Random Subspace (RS, RS-RAF), and Rotation Forest...
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doaj-ab74cd0ff7d5457d834dda7fa69126e32020-11-25T02:23:52ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-04-011142142110.3390/f11040421Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of IranViet-Ha Nhu0Ataollah Shirzadi1Himan Shahabi2Wei Chen3John J Clague4Marten Geertsema5Abolfazl Jaafari6Mohammadtaghi Avand7Shaghayegh Miraki8Davood Talebpour Asl9Binh Thai Pham10Baharin Bin Ahmad11Saro Lee12Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, VietnamDepartment of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, IranDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, IranCollege of Geology & Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, ChinaDepartment of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CanadaBritish Columbia, Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Prince George, BC V2L 1R5, CanadaResearch Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 13185-116, IranDepartment of Watershed Management Engineering and Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, IranDepartment of Watershed Sciences Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Mazandaran 48181-68984, IranDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, IranInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, VietnamFaculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, MalaysiaGeoscience Platform Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Korea<b> </b>We generated high-quality shallow landslide susceptibility maps for Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran, using Random Forest (RAF), an ensemble computational intelligence method and three meta classifiers—Bagging (BA, BA-RAF), Random Subspace (RS, RS-RAF), and Rotation Forest (RF, RF-RAF). Modeling and validation were done on 111 shallow landslide locations using 20 conditioning factors tested by the Information Gain Ratio (IGR) technique. We assessed model performance with statistically based indexes, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, kappa, root mean square error (RMSE), and area under the receiver operatic characteristic curve (AUC). All four machine learning models that we tested yielded excellent goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy, but the RF-RAF ensemble model (AUC = 0.936) outperformed the BA-RAF, RS-RAF (AUC = 0.907), and RAF (AUC = 0.812) models. The results also show that the Random Forest model significantly improved the predictive capability of the RAF-based classifier and, therefore, can be considered as a useful and an effective tool in regional shallow landslide susceptibility mapping.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/4/421shallow landslidemachine learninggoodness-of-fitover-fittingGISIran |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Viet-Ha Nhu Ataollah Shirzadi Himan Shahabi Wei Chen John J Clague Marten Geertsema Abolfazl Jaafari Mohammadtaghi Avand Shaghayegh Miraki Davood Talebpour Asl Binh Thai Pham Baharin Bin Ahmad Saro Lee |
spellingShingle |
Viet-Ha Nhu Ataollah Shirzadi Himan Shahabi Wei Chen John J Clague Marten Geertsema Abolfazl Jaafari Mohammadtaghi Avand Shaghayegh Miraki Davood Talebpour Asl Binh Thai Pham Baharin Bin Ahmad Saro Lee Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran Forests shallow landslide machine learning goodness-of-fit over-fitting GIS Iran |
author_facet |
Viet-Ha Nhu Ataollah Shirzadi Himan Shahabi Wei Chen John J Clague Marten Geertsema Abolfazl Jaafari Mohammadtaghi Avand Shaghayegh Miraki Davood Talebpour Asl Binh Thai Pham Baharin Bin Ahmad Saro Lee |
author_sort |
Viet-Ha Nhu |
title |
Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran |
title_short |
Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran |
title_full |
Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran |
title_fullStr |
Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran |
title_full_unstemmed |
Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Random Forest Base Classifier and its Ensembles in a Semi-Arid Region of Iran |
title_sort |
shallow landslide susceptibility mapping by random forest base classifier and its ensembles in a semi-arid region of iran |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Forests |
issn |
1999-4907 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
<b> </b>We generated high-quality shallow landslide susceptibility maps for Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran, using Random Forest (RAF), an ensemble computational intelligence method and three meta classifiers—Bagging (BA, BA-RAF), Random Subspace (RS, RS-RAF), and Rotation Forest (RF, RF-RAF). Modeling and validation were done on 111 shallow landslide locations using 20 conditioning factors tested by the Information Gain Ratio (IGR) technique. We assessed model performance with statistically based indexes, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, kappa, root mean square error (RMSE), and area under the receiver operatic characteristic curve (AUC). All four machine learning models that we tested yielded excellent goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy, but the RF-RAF ensemble model (AUC = 0.936) outperformed the BA-RAF, RS-RAF (AUC = 0.907), and RAF (AUC = 0.812) models. The results also show that the Random Forest model significantly improved the predictive capability of the RAF-based classifier and, therefore, can be considered as a useful and an effective tool in regional shallow landslide susceptibility mapping. |
topic |
shallow landslide machine learning goodness-of-fit over-fitting GIS Iran |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/4/421 |
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