Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs
Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion ef...
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doaj-ac5436f34374490b8b3b932af2b09a682020-11-25T02:55:52ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822020-07-01946346310.3390/antibiotics9080463Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned PigsYuan-Tai Hung0Qiong Hu1Richard J. Faris2Juanjuan Guo3Pedro E. Urriola4Gerald C. Shurson5Chi Chen6Milena Saqui-Salces7Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USACargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN 55330, USACargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN 55330, USADepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USADepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USADepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USADepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USADepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USAAntibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/8/463animal productiongastrointestinal tractgut metabolitescytokineszinc oxidecarbadox |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Yuan-Tai Hung Qiong Hu Richard J. Faris Juanjuan Guo Pedro E. Urriola Gerald C. Shurson Chi Chen Milena Saqui-Salces |
spellingShingle |
Yuan-Tai Hung Qiong Hu Richard J. Faris Juanjuan Guo Pedro E. Urriola Gerald C. Shurson Chi Chen Milena Saqui-Salces Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs Antibiotics animal production gastrointestinal tract gut metabolites cytokines zinc oxide carbadox |
author_facet |
Yuan-Tai Hung Qiong Hu Richard J. Faris Juanjuan Guo Pedro E. Urriola Gerald C. Shurson Chi Chen Milena Saqui-Salces |
author_sort |
Yuan-Tai Hung |
title |
Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs |
title_short |
Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs |
title_full |
Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs |
title_fullStr |
Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs |
title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs |
title_sort |
analysis of gastrointestinal responses revealed both shared and specific targets of zinc oxide and carbadox in weaned pigs |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Antibiotics |
issn |
2079-6382 |
publishDate |
2020-07-01 |
description |
Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation. |
topic |
animal production gastrointestinal tract gut metabolites cytokines zinc oxide carbadox |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/9/8/463 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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