Impact of environmental factors on lung defences
The lungs are one of the most important organs exposed to environmental agents. The lungs have the ability to protect themselves by both immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. An individual's susceptibility to the impact of environmental agents will determine their adverse effects. This...
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European Respiratory Society
2005-12-01
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doaj-ad61e1782350494b9645dfc64b9fcc9b2020-11-25T02:18:00ZengEuropean Respiratory SocietyEuropean Respiratory Review0905-91801600-06172005-12-0114955156Impact of environmental factors on lung defencesD. OlivieriE. ScodittiThe lungs are one of the most important organs exposed to environmental agents. The lungs have the ability to protect themselves by both immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. An individual's susceptibility to the impact of environmental agents will determine their adverse effects. This article focuses on air pollution, in particular ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). O3 inhalation first modifies the ciliary cells. O3 is an extremely strong oxidant, since it increases the permeability of epithelial cells and decreases mucociliary clearance. NO2 is a less potent and less reactive oxidant pollutant and impairs the function of epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. PM induces oxidative stress in macrophages and epithelial cells, and increases tumour necrosis factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta and nuclear factor-kappaB. Diesel exhaust particulate, contained in PM, increases IL-8 production. High concentrations of SO2 increase the production of reactive oxygen species in the lungs. In conclusion, air pollution certainly interferes with aspecific and specific lung defences, thus facilitating the development of pulmonary diseases, such as exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergies and asthma.http://err.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/14/95/51Air pollutionenvironmental factorslung defencesmucociliary clearanceozoneparticulate matter |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
D. Olivieri E. Scoditti |
spellingShingle |
D. Olivieri E. Scoditti Impact of environmental factors on lung defences European Respiratory Review Air pollution environmental factors lung defences mucociliary clearance ozone particulate matter |
author_facet |
D. Olivieri E. Scoditti |
author_sort |
D. Olivieri |
title |
Impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
title_short |
Impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
title_full |
Impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
title_fullStr |
Impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
title_sort |
impact of environmental factors on lung defences |
publisher |
European Respiratory Society |
series |
European Respiratory Review |
issn |
0905-9180 1600-0617 |
publishDate |
2005-12-01 |
description |
The lungs are one of the most important organs exposed to environmental agents. The lungs have the ability to protect themselves by both immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. An individual's susceptibility to the impact of environmental agents will determine their adverse effects. This article focuses on air pollution, in particular ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). O3 inhalation first modifies the ciliary cells. O3 is an extremely strong oxidant, since it increases the permeability of epithelial cells and decreases mucociliary clearance. NO2 is a less potent and less reactive oxidant pollutant and impairs the function of epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. PM induces oxidative stress in macrophages and epithelial cells, and increases tumour necrosis factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta and nuclear factor-kappaB. Diesel exhaust particulate, contained in PM, increases IL-8 production. High concentrations of SO2 increase the production of reactive oxygen species in the lungs. In conclusion, air pollution certainly interferes with aspecific and specific lung defences, thus facilitating the development of pulmonary diseases, such as exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergies and asthma. |
topic |
Air pollution environmental factors lung defences mucociliary clearance ozone particulate matter |
url |
http://err.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/14/95/51 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT dolivieri impactofenvironmentalfactorsonlungdefences AT escoditti impactofenvironmentalfactorsonlungdefences |
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