46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review
<i>Background and objectives:</i> XX male syndrome is part of the disorders of sex development (DSD). The patients generally have normal external genitalia and discover their pathology in adulthood because of infertility. There are no guidelines regarding XX male syndrome, so the aim of...
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doaj-ad8cfa31fd8b4a8693706ac44d6682302020-11-24T21:54:38ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X2019-07-0155737110.3390/medicina55070371medicina5507037146,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic ReviewMarco Terribile0Marco Stizzo1Celeste Manfredi2Carmelo Quattrone3Francesco Bottone4Dario Ranieri Giordano5Giuseppe Bellastella6Davide Arcaniolo7Marco De Sio8Urology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, ItalyUrology Unit, Department of Woman Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy<i>Background and objectives:</i> XX male syndrome is part of the disorders of sex development (DSD). The patients generally have normal external genitalia and discover their pathology in adulthood because of infertility. There are no guidelines regarding XX male syndrome, so the aim of our study was to evaluate the literature evidence in order to guide the physicians in the management of these type of patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> We performed a systematic review of the available literature in September 2018, using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar database to search for all published studies regarding XX male syndrome according to PRISMA guidelines. The following search terms were used: “46 XX male”, “DSD”, “infertility”, “hypogonadism”. <i>Results:</i> After appropriate screening we selected 37 papers. Mean (SD) age was 33.14 (11.4) years. Hair distribution was normal in 29/39 patients (74.3%), gynecomastia was absent in 22/39 cases (56.4%), normal testes volume was reported in 0/14, penis size was normal in 26/32 cases (81.2%), pubic hair had a normal development in 6/7 patients (85.7%), normal erectile function was present in 27/30 cases (90%) and libido was preserved in 20/20 patients (100%). The data revealed the common presence of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients had a 46,XX karyotype. The sex-determining region Y (<i>SRY</i>) gene was detected in 51/57 cases. The position of the <i>SRY</i> was on the Xp in the 97% of the cases. <i>Conclusions:</i> An appropriate physical examination should include the evaluation of genitalia to detect cryptorchidism, hypospadias, penis size, and gynecomastia; it is important to use a validated questionnaire to evaluate erectile dysfunction, such as the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Semen analysis is mandatory and so is the karyotype test. Abdominal ultrasound is useful in order to exclude residual Müllerian structures. Genetic and endocrine consultations are necessary to assess a possible hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Testicular sperm extraction is not recommended, and adoption or in vitro fertilization with a sperm donor are fertility options.https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/7/37146,XXXX male syndromedisorders of sex developmentDe la Chapelleinfertilityhypogonadism |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Marco Terribile Marco Stizzo Celeste Manfredi Carmelo Quattrone Francesco Bottone Dario Ranieri Giordano Giuseppe Bellastella Davide Arcaniolo Marco De Sio |
spellingShingle |
Marco Terribile Marco Stizzo Celeste Manfredi Carmelo Quattrone Francesco Bottone Dario Ranieri Giordano Giuseppe Bellastella Davide Arcaniolo Marco De Sio 46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review Medicina 46,XX XX male syndrome disorders of sex development De la Chapelle infertility hypogonadism |
author_facet |
Marco Terribile Marco Stizzo Celeste Manfredi Carmelo Quattrone Francesco Bottone Dario Ranieri Giordano Giuseppe Bellastella Davide Arcaniolo Marco De Sio |
author_sort |
Marco Terribile |
title |
46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review |
title_short |
46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review |
title_full |
46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review |
title_fullStr |
46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
46,XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): A Case Report and Systematic Review |
title_sort |
46,xx testicular disorder of sex development (dsd): a case report and systematic review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Medicina |
issn |
1010-660X |
publishDate |
2019-07-01 |
description |
<i>Background and objectives:</i> XX male syndrome is part of the disorders of sex development (DSD). The patients generally have normal external genitalia and discover their pathology in adulthood because of infertility. There are no guidelines regarding XX male syndrome, so the aim of our study was to evaluate the literature evidence in order to guide the physicians in the management of these type of patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> We performed a systematic review of the available literature in September 2018, using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar database to search for all published studies regarding XX male syndrome according to PRISMA guidelines. The following search terms were used: “46 XX male”, “DSD”, “infertility”, “hypogonadism”. <i>Results:</i> After appropriate screening we selected 37 papers. Mean (SD) age was 33.14 (11.4) years. Hair distribution was normal in 29/39 patients (74.3%), gynecomastia was absent in 22/39 cases (56.4%), normal testes volume was reported in 0/14, penis size was normal in 26/32 cases (81.2%), pubic hair had a normal development in 6/7 patients (85.7%), normal erectile function was present in 27/30 cases (90%) and libido was preserved in 20/20 patients (100%). The data revealed the common presence of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. All patients had a 46,XX karyotype. The sex-determining region Y (<i>SRY</i>) gene was detected in 51/57 cases. The position of the <i>SRY</i> was on the Xp in the 97% of the cases. <i>Conclusions:</i> An appropriate physical examination should include the evaluation of genitalia to detect cryptorchidism, hypospadias, penis size, and gynecomastia; it is important to use a validated questionnaire to evaluate erectile dysfunction, such as the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Semen analysis is mandatory and so is the karyotype test. Abdominal ultrasound is useful in order to exclude residual Müllerian structures. Genetic and endocrine consultations are necessary to assess a possible hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Testicular sperm extraction is not recommended, and adoption or in vitro fertilization with a sperm donor are fertility options. |
topic |
46,XX XX male syndrome disorders of sex development De la Chapelle infertility hypogonadism |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/7/371 |
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