Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis
Travelling to school by car diminishes opportunities for physical activity and contributes to traffic congestion and associated noise and air pollution. This meta-analysis examined sociodemographic characteristics and built environment associates of travelling to school by car compared to using acti...
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doaj-aef0146762594405bec68714996dc54a2020-12-08T00:03:08ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1661-78271660-46012020-12-01179138913810.3390/ijerph17239138Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-AnalysisSandra Mandic0Erika Ikeda1Tom Stewart2Nicholas Garrett3Debbie Hopkins4Jennifer S. Mindell5El Shadan Tautolo6Melody Smith7School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New ZealandMRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKHuman Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New ZealandDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New ZealandTransport Study Unit, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UKDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL (University College London), 1–19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UKPacific Health Research Centre, School of Public Health & Interdisciplinary Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New ZealandSchool of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New ZealandTravelling to school by car diminishes opportunities for physical activity and contributes to traffic congestion and associated noise and air pollution. This meta-analysis examined sociodemographic characteristics and built environment associates of travelling to school by car compared to using active transport among New Zealand (NZ) adolescents. Four NZ studies (2163 adolescents) provided data on participants’ mode of travel to school, individual and school sociodemographic characteristics, distance to school and home-neighbourhood built-environment features. A one-step meta-analysis using individual participant data was performed in SAS. A final multivariable model was developed using stepwise logistic regression. Overall, 60.6% of participants travelled to school by car. When compared with active transport, travelling to school by car was positively associated with distance to school. Participants residing in neighbourhoods with high intersection density and attending medium deprivation schools were less likely to travel to school by car compared with their counterparts. Distance to school, school level deprivation and low home neighbourhood intersection density are associated with higher likelihood of car travel to school compared with active transport among NZ adolescents. Comprehensive interventions focusing on both social and built environment factors are needed to reduce car travel to school.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9138transportschooldrivingbuilt environmentadolescentsmeta-analysis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Sandra Mandic Erika Ikeda Tom Stewart Nicholas Garrett Debbie Hopkins Jennifer S. Mindell El Shadan Tautolo Melody Smith |
spellingShingle |
Sandra Mandic Erika Ikeda Tom Stewart Nicholas Garrett Debbie Hopkins Jennifer S. Mindell El Shadan Tautolo Melody Smith Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health transport school driving built environment adolescents meta-analysis |
author_facet |
Sandra Mandic Erika Ikeda Tom Stewart Nicholas Garrett Debbie Hopkins Jennifer S. Mindell El Shadan Tautolo Melody Smith |
author_sort |
Sandra Mandic |
title |
Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis |
title_short |
Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis |
title_full |
Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis |
title_fullStr |
Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis |
title_sort |
sociodemographic and built environment associates of travel to school by car among new zealand adolescents: meta-analysis |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1661-7827 1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2020-12-01 |
description |
Travelling to school by car diminishes opportunities for physical activity and contributes to traffic congestion and associated noise and air pollution. This meta-analysis examined sociodemographic characteristics and built environment associates of travelling to school by car compared to using active transport among New Zealand (NZ) adolescents. Four NZ studies (2163 adolescents) provided data on participants’ mode of travel to school, individual and school sociodemographic characteristics, distance to school and home-neighbourhood built-environment features. A one-step meta-analysis using individual participant data was performed in SAS. A final multivariable model was developed using stepwise logistic regression. Overall, 60.6% of participants travelled to school by car. When compared with active transport, travelling to school by car was positively associated with distance to school. Participants residing in neighbourhoods with high intersection density and attending medium deprivation schools were less likely to travel to school by car compared with their counterparts. Distance to school, school level deprivation and low home neighbourhood intersection density are associated with higher likelihood of car travel to school compared with active transport among NZ adolescents. Comprehensive interventions focusing on both social and built environment factors are needed to reduce car travel to school. |
topic |
transport school driving built environment adolescents meta-analysis |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9138 |
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