Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst
This work reports the preparation and detailed characterization of stannum indium sulfide (SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub>) semiconductor photocatalyst for degradation of ethiofencarb (toxic insecticide) under visible-light irradiation. The as-prepared SnIn<sub>4</sub&...
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doaj-b11291f1bd0e4cdcbd8f98539ebe7bfd2021-06-01T00:18:44ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-05-01111325132510.3390/nano11051325Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> PhotocatalystChiing-Chang Chen0Janah Shaya1Kyriaki Polychronopoulou2Vladimir B. Golovko3Siriluck Tesana4Syuan-Yun Wang5Chung-Shin Lu6Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403, TaiwanCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab EmiratesCenter for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab EmiratesSchool of Physical and Chemical Sciences, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New ZealandSchool of Physical and Chemical Sciences, The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New ZealandSchool of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, TaiwanDepartment of General Education, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 403, TaiwanThis work reports the preparation and detailed characterization of stannum indium sulfide (SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub>) semiconductor photocatalyst for degradation of ethiofencarb (toxic insecticide) under visible-light irradiation. The as-prepared SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> showed catalytic efficiency of 98% in 24 h under optimal operating conditions (pH = 3, catalyst dosage of 0.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>). The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The major intermediates have been identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and <sup>•</sup>OH radicals appeared to be the primary active species in the degradation process as revealed by scavenger and electronic spin resonance studies, while photogenerated holes had a secondary role in this process. A plausible mechanism involving two routes was proposed for ethiofencarb degradation by SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> after identifying the major intermediate species: oxidative cleavage of the CH<sub>2</sub>-S and the amide bonds of the carbamate moiety. Lastly, SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> was found to be efficient, stable, and reusable in treating real water samples in three successive photodegradation experiments. This study demonstrates the prospect of SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> photocatalysis in treatment of natural and contaminated water from extremely toxic organic carbamates as ethiofencarb.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/5/1325photocatalysisvisible lightSnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub>ethiofencarbactive radicalsdegradation mechanism |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Chiing-Chang Chen Janah Shaya Kyriaki Polychronopoulou Vladimir B. Golovko Siriluck Tesana Syuan-Yun Wang Chung-Shin Lu |
spellingShingle |
Chiing-Chang Chen Janah Shaya Kyriaki Polychronopoulou Vladimir B. Golovko Siriluck Tesana Syuan-Yun Wang Chung-Shin Lu Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst Nanomaterials photocatalysis visible light SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> ethiofencarb active radicals degradation mechanism |
author_facet |
Chiing-Chang Chen Janah Shaya Kyriaki Polychronopoulou Vladimir B. Golovko Siriluck Tesana Syuan-Yun Wang Chung-Shin Lu |
author_sort |
Chiing-Chang Chen |
title |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst |
title_short |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst |
title_full |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst |
title_fullStr |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst |
title_full_unstemmed |
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> Photocatalyst |
title_sort |
photocatalytic degradation of ethiofencarb by a visible light-driven snin<sub>4</sub>s<sub>8</sub> photocatalyst |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nanomaterials |
issn |
2079-4991 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
This work reports the preparation and detailed characterization of stannum indium sulfide (SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub>) semiconductor photocatalyst for degradation of ethiofencarb (toxic insecticide) under visible-light irradiation. The as-prepared SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> showed catalytic efficiency of 98% in 24 h under optimal operating conditions (pH = 3, catalyst dosage of 0.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>). The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The major intermediates have been identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and <sup>•</sup>OH radicals appeared to be the primary active species in the degradation process as revealed by scavenger and electronic spin resonance studies, while photogenerated holes had a secondary role in this process. A plausible mechanism involving two routes was proposed for ethiofencarb degradation by SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> after identifying the major intermediate species: oxidative cleavage of the CH<sub>2</sub>-S and the amide bonds of the carbamate moiety. Lastly, SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> was found to be efficient, stable, and reusable in treating real water samples in three successive photodegradation experiments. This study demonstrates the prospect of SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> photocatalysis in treatment of natural and contaminated water from extremely toxic organic carbamates as ethiofencarb. |
topic |
photocatalysis visible light SnIn<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub> ethiofencarb active radicals degradation mechanism |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/5/1325 |
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