Adaptive Video Watermarking against Scaling Attacks Based on Quantization Index Modulation

• Main Authors: Zhongze Lv, Ying Huang, Hu Guan, Jie Liu, Shuwu Zhang, Yang Zheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-07-01
• Series: Electronics
• Subjects: video watermarking; scaling attacks; adaptive; quantization index modulation
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/14/1655

Video watermarking plays a vital role in protecting the video copyright. The quantization-based methods are widely used in the existing watermarking algorithms, owing to their low computational complexity and completely blind extraction. However, most of them work poorly in resisting scaling attacks, by which the quantization value may fall outside the original quantization interval. For addressing this issue, an adaptive quantization index modulation method is proposed. The property that is associated with the ratio of the DC coefficient before and after scaling the video resolution motivates us to select the DC coefficient as the quantization value and set the size of the quantization interval by the video resolution to maintain the synchronization between them before and after scaling. Moreover, a strategy taking advantage of the high decoding reliability of the QRCode is proposed to terminate the extraction in advance, and both the embedding and the extracting process are performed in the spatial domain, which all contribute to further enhance the execution efficiency. The experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art method in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and computational cost.