Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin
Effects of physical and chemical states of iron-based catalysts on the formation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) synthesized thermally from kraft lignin were investigated. Experimental results indicated that if solution-based iron nitrate (FeN) was used as an iron source for the ca...
Main Authors: | , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2018-01-01
|
Series: | Materials |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/1/139 |
id |
doaj-b579aadd8be549faab2f942f686e3ba3 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-b579aadd8be549faab2f942f686e3ba32020-11-24T20:59:10ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442018-01-0111113910.3390/ma11010139ma11010139Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft LigninXuefeng Zhang0Qiangu Yan1Jinghao Li2Jilei Zhang3Zhiyong Cai4Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADepartment of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USAU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USADepartment of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USAU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USAEffects of physical and chemical states of iron-based catalysts on the formation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) synthesized thermally from kraft lignin were investigated. Experimental results indicated that if solution-based iron nitrate (FeN) was used as an iron source for the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe and γ-Fe-based cores encapsulated by few layers graphitic-carbon (mostly 1–5 layers) and the majority of these CEINs were embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The formation of graphitic-carbon shells is believed based on the dissolution and precipitation mechanism of amorphous carbon acting as the carbon source. If solid-based iron nanoparticles (FePs) were used as the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe, γ-Fe, and Fe3C-based cores encapsulated with tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules and the majority of these CEINs were found along the edge of amorphous carbon matrix. The growth of tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules is based on a chemical vapor decomposition process, i.e., the carbonaceous gases from kraft lignin decomposition served as the carbon source.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/1/139kraft ligninbiopolymeriron nanoparticlesiron nitratethermal treatmentcarbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Xuefeng Zhang Qiangu Yan Jinghao Li Jilei Zhang Zhiyong Cai |
spellingShingle |
Xuefeng Zhang Qiangu Yan Jinghao Li Jilei Zhang Zhiyong Cai Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin Materials kraft lignin biopolymer iron nanoparticles iron nitrate thermal treatment carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles |
author_facet |
Xuefeng Zhang Qiangu Yan Jinghao Li Jilei Zhang Zhiyong Cai |
author_sort |
Xuefeng Zhang |
title |
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin |
title_short |
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin |
title_full |
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin |
title_fullStr |
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin |
title_sort |
effects of physical and chemical states of iron-based catalysts on formation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles from kraft lignin |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Materials |
issn |
1996-1944 |
publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
description |
Effects of physical and chemical states of iron-based catalysts on the formation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) synthesized thermally from kraft lignin were investigated. Experimental results indicated that if solution-based iron nitrate (FeN) was used as an iron source for the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe and γ-Fe-based cores encapsulated by few layers graphitic-carbon (mostly 1–5 layers) and the majority of these CEINs were embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The formation of graphitic-carbon shells is believed based on the dissolution and precipitation mechanism of amorphous carbon acting as the carbon source. If solid-based iron nanoparticles (FePs) were used as the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe, γ-Fe, and Fe3C-based cores encapsulated with tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules and the majority of these CEINs were found along the edge of amorphous carbon matrix. The growth of tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules is based on a chemical vapor decomposition process, i.e., the carbonaceous gases from kraft lignin decomposition served as the carbon source. |
topic |
kraft lignin biopolymer iron nanoparticles iron nitrate thermal treatment carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/1/139 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT xuefengzhang effectsofphysicalandchemicalstatesofironbasedcatalystsonformationofcarbonencapsulatedironnanoparticlesfromkraftlignin AT qianguyan effectsofphysicalandchemicalstatesofironbasedcatalystsonformationofcarbonencapsulatedironnanoparticlesfromkraftlignin AT jinghaoli effectsofphysicalandchemicalstatesofironbasedcatalystsonformationofcarbonencapsulatedironnanoparticlesfromkraftlignin AT jileizhang effectsofphysicalandchemicalstatesofironbasedcatalystsonformationofcarbonencapsulatedironnanoparticlesfromkraftlignin AT zhiyongcai effectsofphysicalandchemicalstatesofironbasedcatalystsonformationofcarbonencapsulatedironnanoparticlesfromkraftlignin |
_version_ |
1716783520258457600 |