Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass
The surface area and pore size distribution of Eucalyptus samples that were pretreated by different methods were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Three methods were applied to prepare cellulosic biomass samples for the BET measurements, air, freeze, and c...
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doaj-b7356092bd304715a36558056d57e98b2020-11-25T00:06:26ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602018-06-0110667610.3390/polym10060676polym10060676Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic BiomassKyu-Young Kang0Kyung-Ran Hwang1Ji-Yeon Park2Joon-Pyo Lee3Jun-Seok Kim4Jin-Suk Lee5Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, KoreaBiomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, KoreaBiomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, KoreaGwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, KoreaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, KoreaGwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, KoreaThe surface area and pore size distribution of Eucalyptus samples that were pretreated by different methods were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Three methods were applied to prepare cellulosic biomass samples for the BET measurements, air, freeze, and critical point drying (CPD). The air and freeze drying caused a severe collapse of the biomass pore structures, but the CPD effectively preserved the biomass morphology. The surface area of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were determined to be 58–161 m2/g, whereas the air and freeze dried samples were 0.5–1.3 and 1.0–2.4 m2/g, respectively. The average pore diameter of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were 61–70 Å. The CPD preserved the Eucalyptus sample morphology by replacing water with a non-polar solvent, CO2 fluid, which prevented hydrogen bond reformation in the cellulose.http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/10/6/676pretreated cellulosic biomasscritical point dryingsurface areapore size distributionBrunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)cellulosehornification |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Kyu-Young Kang Kyung-Ran Hwang Ji-Yeon Park Joon-Pyo Lee Jun-Seok Kim Jin-Suk Lee |
spellingShingle |
Kyu-Young Kang Kyung-Ran Hwang Ji-Yeon Park Joon-Pyo Lee Jun-Seok Kim Jin-Suk Lee Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass Polymers pretreated cellulosic biomass critical point drying surface area pore size distribution Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) cellulose hornification |
author_facet |
Kyu-Young Kang Kyung-Ran Hwang Ji-Yeon Park Joon-Pyo Lee Jun-Seok Kim Jin-Suk Lee |
author_sort |
Kyu-Young Kang |
title |
Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass |
title_short |
Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass |
title_full |
Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass |
title_fullStr |
Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass |
title_full_unstemmed |
Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass |
title_sort |
critical point drying: an effective drying method for direct measurement of the surface area of a pretreated cellulosic biomass |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Polymers |
issn |
2073-4360 |
publishDate |
2018-06-01 |
description |
The surface area and pore size distribution of Eucalyptus samples that were pretreated by different methods were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Three methods were applied to prepare cellulosic biomass samples for the BET measurements, air, freeze, and critical point drying (CPD). The air and freeze drying caused a severe collapse of the biomass pore structures, but the CPD effectively preserved the biomass morphology. The surface area of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were determined to be 58–161 m2/g, whereas the air and freeze dried samples were 0.5–1.3 and 1.0–2.4 m2/g, respectively. The average pore diameter of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were 61–70 Å. The CPD preserved the Eucalyptus sample morphology by replacing water with a non-polar solvent, CO2 fluid, which prevented hydrogen bond reformation in the cellulose. |
topic |
pretreated cellulosic biomass critical point drying surface area pore size distribution Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) cellulose hornification |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/10/6/676 |
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