Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction
Photogrammetric UAV sees a surge in use for high-resolution mapping, but its use to map terrain under dense vegetation cover remains challenging due to a lack of exposed ground surfaces. This paper presents a novel object-oriented classification ensemble algorithm to leverage height, texture and con...
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doaj-b834ed266a1a44818b071922ace32c9c2020-11-24T21:15:36ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922017-11-01911118710.3390/rs9111187rs9111187Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain CorrectionXuelian Meng0Nan Shang1Xukai Zhang2Chunyan Li3Kaiguang Zhao4Xiaomin Qiu5Eddie Weeks6Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USADepartment of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USADepartment of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USACoastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USASchool of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USADepartment of Geography, Geology and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USADepartment of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USAPhotogrammetric UAV sees a surge in use for high-resolution mapping, but its use to map terrain under dense vegetation cover remains challenging due to a lack of exposed ground surfaces. This paper presents a novel object-oriented classification ensemble algorithm to leverage height, texture and contextual information of UAV data to improve landscape classification and terrain estimation. Its implementation incorporates multiple heuristics, such as multi-input machine learning-based classification, object-oriented ensemble, and integration of UAV and GPS surveys for terrain correction. Experiments based on a densely vegetated wetland restoration site showed classification improvement from 83.98% to 96.12% in overall accuracy and from 0.7806 to 0.947 in kappa value. Use of standard and existing UAV terrain mapping algorithms and software produced reliable digital terrain model only over exposed bare grounds (mean error = −0.019 m and RMSE = 0.035 m) but severely overestimated the terrain by ~80% of mean vegetation height in vegetated areas. The terrain correction method successfully reduced the mean error from 0.302 m to −0.002 m (RMSE from 0.342 m to 0.177 m) in low vegetation and from 1.305 m to 0.057 m (RMSE from 1.399 m to 0.550 m) in tall vegetation. Overall, this research validated a feasible solution to integrate UAV and RTK GPS for terrain mapping in densely vegetated environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1187photogrammetric UAVhigh resolutioncoastal topographic mappingwetland restorationclassification correctionterrain correctionobject-oriented analysisclassification ensemble |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Xuelian Meng Nan Shang Xukai Zhang Chunyan Li Kaiguang Zhao Xiaomin Qiu Eddie Weeks |
spellingShingle |
Xuelian Meng Nan Shang Xukai Zhang Chunyan Li Kaiguang Zhao Xiaomin Qiu Eddie Weeks Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction Remote Sensing photogrammetric UAV high resolution coastal topographic mapping wetland restoration classification correction terrain correction object-oriented analysis classification ensemble |
author_facet |
Xuelian Meng Nan Shang Xukai Zhang Chunyan Li Kaiguang Zhao Xiaomin Qiu Eddie Weeks |
author_sort |
Xuelian Meng |
title |
Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction |
title_short |
Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction |
title_full |
Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction |
title_fullStr |
Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction |
title_full_unstemmed |
Photogrammetric UAV Mapping of Terrain under Dense Coastal Vegetation: An Object-Oriented Classification Ensemble Algorithm for Classification and Terrain Correction |
title_sort |
photogrammetric uav mapping of terrain under dense coastal vegetation: an object-oriented classification ensemble algorithm for classification and terrain correction |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Remote Sensing |
issn |
2072-4292 |
publishDate |
2017-11-01 |
description |
Photogrammetric UAV sees a surge in use for high-resolution mapping, but its use to map terrain under dense vegetation cover remains challenging due to a lack of exposed ground surfaces. This paper presents a novel object-oriented classification ensemble algorithm to leverage height, texture and contextual information of UAV data to improve landscape classification and terrain estimation. Its implementation incorporates multiple heuristics, such as multi-input machine learning-based classification, object-oriented ensemble, and integration of UAV and GPS surveys for terrain correction. Experiments based on a densely vegetated wetland restoration site showed classification improvement from 83.98% to 96.12% in overall accuracy and from 0.7806 to 0.947 in kappa value. Use of standard and existing UAV terrain mapping algorithms and software produced reliable digital terrain model only over exposed bare grounds (mean error = −0.019 m and RMSE = 0.035 m) but severely overestimated the terrain by ~80% of mean vegetation height in vegetated areas. The terrain correction method successfully reduced the mean error from 0.302 m to −0.002 m (RMSE from 0.342 m to 0.177 m) in low vegetation and from 1.305 m to 0.057 m (RMSE from 1.399 m to 0.550 m) in tall vegetation. Overall, this research validated a feasible solution to integrate UAV and RTK GPS for terrain mapping in densely vegetated environments. |
topic |
photogrammetric UAV high resolution coastal topographic mapping wetland restoration classification correction terrain correction object-oriented analysis classification ensemble |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/11/1187 |
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