A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction
<b>Background:</b> Drug-ethanol interaction can result in hepatotoxicity. The liver is capable of metabolizing both acetaminophen and ethanol; however, severe acute or moderate chronic simultaneous exposure can cause cell and tissue damage. Therapeutic doses can become harmful if gene ac...
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doaj-b892841ab48b46bfb7a560b4e556bb562020-11-25T01:54:18ZengMDPI AGMedicines2305-63202019-07-01637910.3390/medicines6030079medicines6030079A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol InteractionBryan Hedgpeth0Roy Missall1Anna Bambaci2Matthew Smolen3Sevgi Yavuz4Jessica Cottrell5Tinchun Chu6Sulie L. Chang7Department of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USADepartment of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA<b>Background:</b> Drug-ethanol interaction can result in hepatotoxicity. The liver is capable of metabolizing both acetaminophen and ethanol; however, severe acute or moderate chronic simultaneous exposure can cause cell and tissue damage. Therapeutic doses can become harmful if gene activity is altered via competition for metabolic pathways. Simultaneous intake of ethanol and acetaminophen results in overactive CYP2E1 and depletion of glutathione, leaving NAPQI to build up in the liver. NAPQI is a hepatotoxic substance typically neutralized by glutathione. <b>Methods:</b> Bioinformatics tools including PharmGKB, Chemical Annotation Retrieval Toolkit, Transcriptome Analysis Console 4.0 (TAC), wikipathways, STRING, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used to explore interactive metabolic pathways of ethanol-acetaminophen exposure as a proof of concept for assessing drug-drug or drug-alcohol interactions. <b>Results:</b> As the ethanol-acetaminophen comparison indicates, bioinformatics tools may be used to understand interactive pathways following exposure to ethanol and acetaminophen, with potential extrapolation to other drug-drug/drug-ethanol interactions. <b>Conclusions:</b> Direct interactive effects were not able to be confirmed through this bioinformatics study due to the lack of existing ethanol-acetaminophen simultaneous exposure data. This work suggests that a battery of software applications should be used to assess interactive effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/6/3/79alcoholdrug-ethanol interactionacetaminophenbioinformaticspathways |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Bryan Hedgpeth Roy Missall Anna Bambaci Matthew Smolen Sevgi Yavuz Jessica Cottrell Tinchun Chu Sulie L. Chang |
spellingShingle |
Bryan Hedgpeth Roy Missall Anna Bambaci Matthew Smolen Sevgi Yavuz Jessica Cottrell Tinchun Chu Sulie L. Chang A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction Medicines alcohol drug-ethanol interaction acetaminophen bioinformatics pathways |
author_facet |
Bryan Hedgpeth Roy Missall Anna Bambaci Matthew Smolen Sevgi Yavuz Jessica Cottrell Tinchun Chu Sulie L. Chang |
author_sort |
Bryan Hedgpeth |
title |
A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction |
title_short |
A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction |
title_full |
A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction |
title_fullStr |
A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Review of Bioinformatics Tools to Understand Acetaminophen-Alcohol Interaction |
title_sort |
review of bioinformatics tools to understand acetaminophen-alcohol interaction |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Medicines |
issn |
2305-6320 |
publishDate |
2019-07-01 |
description |
<b>Background:</b> Drug-ethanol interaction can result in hepatotoxicity. The liver is capable of metabolizing both acetaminophen and ethanol; however, severe acute or moderate chronic simultaneous exposure can cause cell and tissue damage. Therapeutic doses can become harmful if gene activity is altered via competition for metabolic pathways. Simultaneous intake of ethanol and acetaminophen results in overactive CYP2E1 and depletion of glutathione, leaving NAPQI to build up in the liver. NAPQI is a hepatotoxic substance typically neutralized by glutathione. <b>Methods:</b> Bioinformatics tools including PharmGKB, Chemical Annotation Retrieval Toolkit, Transcriptome Analysis Console 4.0 (TAC), wikipathways, STRING, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used to explore interactive metabolic pathways of ethanol-acetaminophen exposure as a proof of concept for assessing drug-drug or drug-alcohol interactions. <b>Results:</b> As the ethanol-acetaminophen comparison indicates, bioinformatics tools may be used to understand interactive pathways following exposure to ethanol and acetaminophen, with potential extrapolation to other drug-drug/drug-ethanol interactions. <b>Conclusions:</b> Direct interactive effects were not able to be confirmed through this bioinformatics study due to the lack of existing ethanol-acetaminophen simultaneous exposure data. This work suggests that a battery of software applications should be used to assess interactive effects. |
topic |
alcohol drug-ethanol interaction acetaminophen bioinformatics pathways |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/6/3/79 |
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