Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol
In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO<sub>2</sub>-pressurized ethanol, or...
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doaj-b8a7b5cf8d1944d99e246d06510100902020-11-25T01:05:47ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-05-012410189710.3390/molecules24101897molecules24101897Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded EthanolAndreea David0Fang Wang1Xiaoming Sun2Hongna Li3Jieru Lin4Peilei Li5Gang Deng6Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, ChinaIn the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO<sub>2</sub>-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO<sub>2</sub>, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO<sub>2</sub>, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/10/1897vetiver essential oilCO<sub>2</sub> expanded ethanolhydrodistillationchemical compositionantimicrobial activityDPPH free radical scavenging assay |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Andreea David Fang Wang Xiaoming Sun Hongna Li Jieru Lin Peilei Li Gang Deng |
spellingShingle |
Andreea David Fang Wang Xiaoming Sun Hongna Li Jieru Lin Peilei Li Gang Deng Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol Molecules vetiver essential oil CO<sub>2</sub> expanded ethanol hydrodistillation chemical composition antimicrobial activity DPPH free radical scavenging assay |
author_facet |
Andreea David Fang Wang Xiaoming Sun Hongna Li Jieru Lin Peilei Li Gang Deng |
author_sort |
Andreea David |
title |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol |
title_short |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol |
title_full |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol |
title_fullStr |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol |
title_sort |
chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of <i>vetiveria zizanioides</i> (l.) nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO<sub>2</sub>-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of <i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i> (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO<sub>2</sub>, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO<sub>2</sub>, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes. |
topic |
vetiver essential oil CO<sub>2</sub> expanded ethanol hydrodistillation chemical composition antimicrobial activity DPPH free radical scavenging assay |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/10/1897 |
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