Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
The current dogma in neural regeneration research implies that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) inhibit plasticity and regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We argue that the role of the CSPGs can be reversed from inhibition to activation by developmentally expressed CSPG-...
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2017-01-01
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doaj-b8ef72e30a204ee88abac84f53a9e61b2020-11-25T02:25:15ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsNeural Regeneration Research1673-53742017-01-0112568769110.4103/1673-5374.206630Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycansHeikki RauvalaMikhail PavelievJuha Kuja-PanulaNatalia KulesskayaThe current dogma in neural regeneration research implies that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) inhibit plasticity and regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We argue that the role of the CSPGs can be reversed from inhibition to activation by developmentally expressed CSPG-binding factors. Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM; also designated as pleiotrophin) has been studied as a candidate molecule that might modulate the role of CSPG matrices in plasticity and regeneration. Studies in vitro show that in the presence of soluble HB-GAM chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of CSPGs display an enhancing effect on neurite outgrowth. Based on the in vitro studies, we suggest a model according to which the HB-GAM/CS complex binds to the neuron surface receptor glypican-2, which induces neurite growth. Furthermore, HB-GAM masks the CS binding sites of the neurite outgrowth inhibiting receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), which may contribute to the HB-GAM-induced regenerative effect. In vivo studies using two-photon imaging after local HB-GAM injection into prick-injury of the cerebral cortex reveal regeneration of dendrites that has not been previously demonstrated after injuries of the mammalian nervous system. In the spinal cord, two-photon imaging displays HB-GAM-induced axonal regeneration. Studies on the HB-GAM/CS mechanism in vitro and in vivo are expected to pave the way for drug development for injuries of brain and spinal cord.http://www.nrronline.org/article.asp?issn=1673-5374;year=2017;volume=12;issue=5;spage=687;epage=691;aulast=RauvalaCNS injury; axon regeneration; dendrite regeneration; proteoglycans; aggrecan; glypican; HB-GAM; pleiotrophin; PTEN |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Heikki Rauvala Mikhail Paveliev Juha Kuja-Panula Natalia Kulesskaya |
spellingShingle |
Heikki Rauvala Mikhail Paveliev Juha Kuja-Panula Natalia Kulesskaya Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans Neural Regeneration Research CNS injury; axon regeneration; dendrite regeneration; proteoglycans; aggrecan; glypican; HB-GAM; pleiotrophin; PTEN |
author_facet |
Heikki Rauvala Mikhail Paveliev Juha Kuja-Panula Natalia Kulesskaya |
author_sort |
Heikki Rauvala |
title |
Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
title_short |
Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
title_full |
Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
title_fullStr |
Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
title_full_unstemmed |
Inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
title_sort |
inhibition and enhancement of neural regeneration by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans |
publisher |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
series |
Neural Regeneration Research |
issn |
1673-5374 |
publishDate |
2017-01-01 |
description |
The current dogma in neural regeneration research implies that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) inhibit plasticity and regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We argue that the role of the CSPGs can be reversed from inhibition to activation by developmentally expressed CSPG-binding factors. Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM; also designated as pleiotrophin) has been studied as a candidate molecule that might modulate the role of CSPG matrices in plasticity and regeneration. Studies in vitro show that in the presence of soluble HB-GAM chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of CSPGs display an enhancing effect on neurite outgrowth. Based on the in vitro studies, we suggest a model according to which the HB-GAM/CS complex binds to the neuron surface receptor glypican-2, which induces neurite growth. Furthermore, HB-GAM masks the CS binding sites of the neurite outgrowth inhibiting receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ), which may contribute to the HB-GAM-induced regenerative effect. In vivo studies using two-photon imaging after local HB-GAM injection into prick-injury of the cerebral cortex reveal regeneration of dendrites that has not been previously demonstrated after injuries of the mammalian nervous system. In the spinal cord, two-photon imaging displays HB-GAM-induced axonal regeneration. Studies on the HB-GAM/CS mechanism in vitro and in vivo are expected to pave the way for drug development for injuries of brain and spinal cord. |
topic |
CNS injury; axon regeneration; dendrite regeneration; proteoglycans; aggrecan; glypican; HB-GAM; pleiotrophin; PTEN |
url |
http://www.nrronline.org/article.asp?issn=1673-5374;year=2017;volume=12;issue=5;spage=687;epage=691;aulast=Rauvala |
work_keys_str_mv |
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