Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic mechanisms account for most cases of chronic rhinitis. This condition is associated with significant impairment of quality of life and high indirect costs. The identification of the allergic triggers of rhinitis has been historically based on the performance of atopy test [skin prick test (...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-09-01
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doaj-b946630d04fd4d0db6d3c3b60a2fd8652021-09-23T04:19:17ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Allergy2673-61012021-09-01210.3389/falgy.2021.721851721851Diagnostic Tools in Allergic RhinitisAlmudena Testera-Montes0Raquel Jurado1Maria Salas2Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia3Cristobalina Mayorga4Cristobalina Mayorga5Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, SpainAllergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, SpainAllergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, SpainAllergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, SpainAllergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, SpainAllergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, SpainAllergic mechanisms account for most cases of chronic rhinitis. This condition is associated with significant impairment of quality of life and high indirect costs. The identification of the allergic triggers of rhinitis has been historically based on the performance of atopy test [skin prick test (SPT) and serum allergen-specific (s)IgE]. Nevertheless, these tests only denote sensitization, and atopy and allergy represent two different phenomena. It is now clear that allergic phenotypes of rhinitis can exist in both atopic (allergic rhinitis, AR) and non-atopic (local allergic rhinitis, LAR) individuals. Moreover, both allergic phenotypes can coexist in the same rhinitis patient (dual allergic rhinitis, DAR). Therefore, a diagnostic approach merely based on atopy tests is associated with a significant rate of misdiagnosis. The confirmation of the allergic etiology of rhinitis requires the performance of in vivo test like the nasal allergen challenge (NAC). NAC is mandatory for the diagnosis of LAR and DAR, and helps decide the best management approach in difficult cases of AR. Nevertheless, NAC is a laborious technique requiring human and technical resources. The basophil activation test (BAT) is a patient-friendly technique that has shown promising results for LAR and DAR diagnosis. In this review, the diagnostic usefulness for chronic rhinitis of SPT, NAC, olfactory tests, serum sIgE, BAT and the quantification of inflammatory mediators in nasal samples will be discussed. The accurate performance of an etiologic diagnosis of rhinitis patients will favor the prescription of specific therapies with disease-modifying potential like allergen immunotherapy.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/falgy.2021.721851/fullallergic rhinitisrhinitis - diagnosisin vivo testin vitro testinflammatory mediatorrhinitis phenotypes |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Almudena Testera-Montes Raquel Jurado Maria Salas Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia Cristobalina Mayorga Cristobalina Mayorga |
spellingShingle |
Almudena Testera-Montes Raquel Jurado Maria Salas Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia Cristobalina Mayorga Cristobalina Mayorga Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis Frontiers in Allergy allergic rhinitis rhinitis - diagnosis in vivo test in vitro test inflammatory mediator rhinitis phenotypes |
author_facet |
Almudena Testera-Montes Raquel Jurado Maria Salas Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia Cristobalina Mayorga Cristobalina Mayorga |
author_sort |
Almudena Testera-Montes |
title |
Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis |
title_short |
Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis |
title_full |
Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis |
title_fullStr |
Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diagnostic Tools in Allergic Rhinitis |
title_sort |
diagnostic tools in allergic rhinitis |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Allergy |
issn |
2673-6101 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
Allergic mechanisms account for most cases of chronic rhinitis. This condition is associated with significant impairment of quality of life and high indirect costs. The identification of the allergic triggers of rhinitis has been historically based on the performance of atopy test [skin prick test (SPT) and serum allergen-specific (s)IgE]. Nevertheless, these tests only denote sensitization, and atopy and allergy represent two different phenomena. It is now clear that allergic phenotypes of rhinitis can exist in both atopic (allergic rhinitis, AR) and non-atopic (local allergic rhinitis, LAR) individuals. Moreover, both allergic phenotypes can coexist in the same rhinitis patient (dual allergic rhinitis, DAR). Therefore, a diagnostic approach merely based on atopy tests is associated with a significant rate of misdiagnosis. The confirmation of the allergic etiology of rhinitis requires the performance of in vivo test like the nasal allergen challenge (NAC). NAC is mandatory for the diagnosis of LAR and DAR, and helps decide the best management approach in difficult cases of AR. Nevertheless, NAC is a laborious technique requiring human and technical resources. The basophil activation test (BAT) is a patient-friendly technique that has shown promising results for LAR and DAR diagnosis. In this review, the diagnostic usefulness for chronic rhinitis of SPT, NAC, olfactory tests, serum sIgE, BAT and the quantification of inflammatory mediators in nasal samples will be discussed. The accurate performance of an etiologic diagnosis of rhinitis patients will favor the prescription of specific therapies with disease-modifying potential like allergen immunotherapy. |
topic |
allergic rhinitis rhinitis - diagnosis in vivo test in vitro test inflammatory mediator rhinitis phenotypes |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/falgy.2021.721851/full |
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