Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation
Human breast milk is considered the optimal nutrition for infants, providing essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, as well as its own microbiota. However, the interaction among those components and the biological role of milk microorganisms is still uncovered. Thus, our aim...
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doaj-b97d553695524659b6426a89b84b88212020-11-24T23:01:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2016-04-01710.3389/fmicb.2016.00492183883Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactationAlba eBOIX-AMORÓS0Maria Carmen eCOLLADO1Alex eMIRA2Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO FoundationInstitute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO FoundationHuman breast milk is considered the optimal nutrition for infants, providing essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, as well as its own microbiota. However, the interaction among those components and the biological role of milk microorganisms is still uncovered. Thus, our aim was to identify the relationships between milk microbiota composition, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation. Bacterial load was estimated in milk samples from a total of 21 healthy mothers through lactation time by bacteria-specific qPCR targeted to the single-copy gene fusA . Milk microbiome composition and diversity was estimated by 16S-pyrosequencing and the structure of these bacteria in the fluid was studied by flow cytometry, qPCR and microscopy. Fat, protein, lactose and dry extract of milk as well as the number of somatic cells were also analyzed. We observed that milk bacterial communities were generally complex, and showed individual-specific profiles. Milk microbiota was dominated by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in any of these samples from healthy mothers. There was high variability in composition and number of bacteria per milliliter among mothers and in some cases even within mothers at different time points. The median bacterial load was 106 bacterial cells/ml through time, higher than those numbers reported by 16S gene PCR and culture methods.. Furthermore, milk bacteria were present in a free-living, planktonic state, but also in equal proportion associated to human immune cells. There was no correlation between bacterial load and the amount of immune cells in milk, strengthening the idea that milk bacteria are not sensed as an infection by the immune system.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00492/fullFlow CytometryLactationqPCR16S rRNAHuman microbiomebreast milk |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Alba eBOIX-AMORÓS Maria Carmen eCOLLADO Alex eMIRA |
spellingShingle |
Alba eBOIX-AMORÓS Maria Carmen eCOLLADO Alex eMIRA Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation Frontiers in Microbiology Flow Cytometry Lactation qPCR 16S rRNA Human microbiome breast milk |
author_facet |
Alba eBOIX-AMORÓS Maria Carmen eCOLLADO Alex eMIRA |
author_sort |
Alba eBOIX-AMORÓS |
title |
Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
title_short |
Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
title_full |
Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
title_fullStr |
Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
title_sort |
relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
issn |
1664-302X |
publishDate |
2016-04-01 |
description |
Human breast milk is considered the optimal nutrition for infants, providing essential nutrients and a broad range of bioactive compounds, as well as its own microbiota. However, the interaction among those components and the biological role of milk microorganisms is still uncovered. Thus, our aim was to identify the relationships between milk microbiota composition, bacterial load, macronutrients and human cells during lactation. Bacterial load was estimated in milk samples from a total of 21 healthy mothers through lactation time by bacteria-specific qPCR targeted to the single-copy gene fusA . Milk microbiome composition and diversity was estimated by 16S-pyrosequencing and the structure of these bacteria in the fluid was studied by flow cytometry, qPCR and microscopy. Fat, protein, lactose and dry extract of milk as well as the number of somatic cells were also analyzed. We observed that milk bacterial communities were generally complex, and showed individual-specific profiles. Milk microbiota was dominated by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in any of these samples from healthy mothers. There was high variability in composition and number of bacteria per milliliter among mothers and in some cases even within mothers at different time points. The median bacterial load was 106 bacterial cells/ml through time, higher than those numbers reported by 16S gene PCR and culture methods.. Furthermore, milk bacteria were present in a free-living, planktonic state, but also in equal proportion associated to human immune cells. There was no correlation between bacterial load and the amount of immune cells in milk, strengthening the idea that milk bacteria are not sensed as an infection by the immune system. |
topic |
Flow Cytometry Lactation qPCR 16S rRNA Human microbiome breast milk |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00492/full |
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