Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis

• Main Authors: Cong-Nuan Liu, Yang-Yang Xu, Angela M. Cadavid-Restrepo, Zhong-Zi Lou, Hong-Bin Yan, Li Li, Bao-Quan Fu, Darren J. Gray, Archie A. Clements, Tamsin S. Barnes, Gail M. Williams, Wan-Zhong Jia, Donald P. McManus, Yu-Rong Yang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2018-08-01
• Series: Infectious Diseases of Poverty
• Subjects: Domestic dog surveys; Dog-copro-multiplex PCR assay; Co-endemicity of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis; Xiji County, Ningxia hui autonomous region (NHAR), P. R. China
• Online Access: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40249-018-0458-8

Abstract Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades. This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics. Methods Study villages were selected using landscape patterns (Geographic Information System, GIS) for Echinococcus transmission “hot spots”, combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE. A survey of 750 domestic dogs, including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires, from 25 selected villages, was undertaken in 2012. A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in the dogs. Data analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics, was undertaken, to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp. in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by the χ 2 test. Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection. Results The highest de-worming rate of 84.0% was found in the northwest area of Xiji County, and significant differences (P <  0.05) in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected. The highest prevalence (19.7%, 59/300) of E. multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji, though the highest prevalence (18.1%, 38/210) of E. granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji. There was no significant difference (P >  0.05) in the prevalence of E. granulosus in dogs from the northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast of Xiji, but there were significant differences (P <  0.05) between dogs infected with E. multilocularis from the four areas. None of the other independent variables was statistically significant. Conclusions The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E. granulosus and E. muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County, NHAR. Transmission of E. multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E. granulosus. Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities, and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.