Are Supplemental Branched-Chain Amino Acids Beneficial During the Oncological Peri-Operative Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

• Main Authors: Elise Cogo ND, MSc, MLIS, Mohamed Elsayed ND, Vivian Liang ND, Kieran Cooley ND, Christilynn Guerin BScH, Athanasios Psihogios ND, Peter Papadogianis MSc, ND
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: SAGE Publishing 2021-03-01
• Series: Integrative Cancer Therapies
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735421997551

Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are essential amino acids involved in immune responses, and may have roles in protein malnutrition and sarcopenia. Furthermore, certain liver diseases have been associated with a decreased Fischer’s ratio (BCAAs to aromatic amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BCAAs use in patients with cancer undergoing surgery. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched (inception to July 24, 2020) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies in English evaluating BCAAs (alone or in combinations) during the oncological peri-operative period. Study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal were done in duplicate. RCT risk-of-bias was appraised using Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool, and observational studies’ quality assessment was conducted with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate. Results: 20 articles were included comprising 13 RCTs and 6 observational cohort studies in 7 reports and 2019 total participants overall. Among 13 RCTs, 77% involved liver cancer. Methodological study quality scored substantial risk-of-bias across most RCTs. Meta-analysis of RCTs found a 38% decreased risk of post-operative infections in BCAAs group compared to controls (RR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.87; P  = .006; number of RCTs, k  = 6; total sample size, N = 389; I 2  = 0%). BCAAs were also found to be beneficial for ascites (RR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.86; P  = .008; k  = 4; N = 296; I 2  = 0%), body weight (MD = 3.24 kg; 95% CI = 0.44 to 6.04; P  = .02; k  = 3; N = 196; I 2  = 24%), and hospitalization length (MD = −2.07 days; 95% CI = −3.97 to −0.17; P  = .03; k  = 5; N = 362; I 2  = 59%). No differences were found between BCAAs and controls for mortality, recurrence, other post-operative complications (liver failure, edema, pleural effusion), blood loss, quality of life, ammonia level, and prothrombin time. No serious adverse events were related to BCAAs; however, serious adverse events were reported due to intravenous catheters. No safety concerns from observational studies were identified. Conclusions: Branched-chain amino acids during the oncological surgical period demonstrated promise in reducing important post-operative morbidity from infections and ascites compared to controls. Blinded, placebo-controlled confirmatory trials of higher methodological quality are warranted, especially using oral, short-term BCAAs-enriched supplements within the context of recent ERAS programs. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018086168.