Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico
Ranaviruses are the second deadliest pathogens for amphibian populations throughout the world. Despite their wide distribution in America, these viruses have never been reported in Mexico, the country with the fifth highest amphibian diversity in the world. This paper is the first to address an outb...
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doaj-be3c5c5b12514c82b6a7b661ded37c362020-11-24T22:16:31ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152019-01-011112610.3390/v11010026v11010026Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern MexicoBernardo Saucedo0José M. Serrano1Mónica Jacinto-Maldonado2Rob S. E. W. Leuven3Abraham A. Rocha García4Adriana Méndez Bernal5Andrea Gröne6Steven J. van Beurden7César M. Escobedo-Bonilla8Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The NetherlandsLaboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago 3425, ChileWildlife and Laboratory Animals, Department of Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 045010, MexicoDepartment of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pathology 04510, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 045010, MexicoDepartment of Pathology 04510, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 045010, MexicoDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Aquaculture, Instituto Politécnico, Nacional-CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave Sinaloa 81101, MexicoRanaviruses are the second deadliest pathogens for amphibian populations throughout the world. Despite their wide distribution in America, these viruses have never been reported in Mexico, the country with the fifth highest amphibian diversity in the world. This paper is the first to address an outbreak of ranavirus in captive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Sinaloa, Mexico. The farm experienced high mortality in an undetermined number of juveniles and sub-adult bullfrogs. Affected animals displayed clinical signs and gross lesions such as lethargy, edema, skin ulcers, and hemorrhages consistent with ranavirus infection. The main microscopic lesions included mild renal tubular necrosis and moderate congestion in several organs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed scant infected hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis of five partial ranavirus genes showed that the causative agent clustered within the Frog virus 3 clade. Risk assessment with the Pandora+ protocol demonstrated a high risk for the pathogen to affect amphibians from neighboring regions (overall Pandora risk score: 0.619). Given the risk of American bullfrogs escaping and spreading the disease to wild amphibians, efforts should focus on implementing effective containment strategies and surveillance programs for ranavirus at facilities undertaking intensive farming of amphibians.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/1/26amphibianshistopathologyimmunohistochemistryMexicooutbreakranavirusrisk assessment |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Bernardo Saucedo José M. Serrano Mónica Jacinto-Maldonado Rob S. E. W. Leuven Abraham A. Rocha García Adriana Méndez Bernal Andrea Gröne Steven J. van Beurden César M. Escobedo-Bonilla |
spellingShingle |
Bernardo Saucedo José M. Serrano Mónica Jacinto-Maldonado Rob S. E. W. Leuven Abraham A. Rocha García Adriana Méndez Bernal Andrea Gröne Steven J. van Beurden César M. Escobedo-Bonilla Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico Viruses amphibians histopathology immunohistochemistry Mexico outbreak ranavirus risk assessment |
author_facet |
Bernardo Saucedo José M. Serrano Mónica Jacinto-Maldonado Rob S. E. W. Leuven Abraham A. Rocha García Adriana Méndez Bernal Andrea Gröne Steven J. van Beurden César M. Escobedo-Bonilla |
author_sort |
Bernardo Saucedo |
title |
Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico |
title_short |
Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico |
title_full |
Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico |
title_fullStr |
Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pathogen Risk Analysis for Wild Amphibian Populations Following the First Report of a Ranavirus Outbreak in Farmed American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Northern Mexico |
title_sort |
pathogen risk analysis for wild amphibian populations following the first report of a ranavirus outbreak in farmed american bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) from northern mexico |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Viruses |
issn |
1999-4915 |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Ranaviruses are the second deadliest pathogens for amphibian populations throughout the world. Despite their wide distribution in America, these viruses have never been reported in Mexico, the country with the fifth highest amphibian diversity in the world. This paper is the first to address an outbreak of ranavirus in captive American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Sinaloa, Mexico. The farm experienced high mortality in an undetermined number of juveniles and sub-adult bullfrogs. Affected animals displayed clinical signs and gross lesions such as lethargy, edema, skin ulcers, and hemorrhages consistent with ranavirus infection. The main microscopic lesions included mild renal tubular necrosis and moderate congestion in several organs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed scant infected hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis of five partial ranavirus genes showed that the causative agent clustered within the Frog virus 3 clade. Risk assessment with the Pandora+ protocol demonstrated a high risk for the pathogen to affect amphibians from neighboring regions (overall Pandora risk score: 0.619). Given the risk of American bullfrogs escaping and spreading the disease to wild amphibians, efforts should focus on implementing effective containment strategies and surveillance programs for ranavirus at facilities undertaking intensive farming of amphibians. |
topic |
amphibians histopathology immunohistochemistry Mexico outbreak ranavirus risk assessment |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/1/26 |
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