On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology
Recently there has been great interest in photoplethysmogram signal processing. However, its minimally necessary sampling frequency for accurate heart rate variability parameters is ambiguous. In the present paper frequency-modulated 1.067 Hz cosine wave modelled the variable PPG in silico. The five...
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doaj-be96bd11eb7c487ca4b992fc634487032021-09-06T19:22:37ZengSciendoMeasurement Science Review1335-88712019-10-0119523224010.2478/msr-2019-0030msr-2019-0030On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable TechnologyBéres Szabolcs0Holczer Lőrinc1Hejjel László2Heart Institute, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str., 13, H-7624, Pécs, HungaryHeart Institute, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str., 13, H-7624, Pécs, HungaryHeart Institute, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str., 13, H-7624, Pécs, HungaryRecently there has been great interest in photoplethysmogram signal processing. However, its minimally necessary sampling frequency for accurate heart rate variability parameters is ambiguous. In the present paper frequency-modulated 1.067 Hz cosine wave modelled the variable PPG in silico. The five-minute-long, 1 ms resolution master-signals were decimated (D) at 2-500 ms, then cubic spline interpolated (I) back to 1 ms resolution. The mean pulse rate, standard deviation, root mean square of successive pulse rate differences (RMSSD), and spectral components were computed by Varian 2.3 and compared to the master-series via relative accuracy error. Also Poincaré-plot morphology was assessed. Mean pulse rate is accurate down to 303 ms (D) and 400 ms (I). In low-variability series standard deviation required at least 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I). RMSSD needed 10 ms (D), and 303 ms (I) in normal, whereas 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) in low- variability series. In the frequency domain 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) are required. 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) preserved the Poincaré-plot morphology. The minimal sampling frequency of PPG for accurate HRV analysis is higher than expected from the signal bandwidth and sampling theorem. Interpolation improves accuracy. The ratio of sampling error and expected variability should be considered besides the inherent sensitivity of the given parameter, the interpolation technique, and the pulse rate detection method.https://doi.org/10.2478/msr-2019-0030photoplethysmographyheart rate variabilitysampling frequencyspline interpolationwearable health |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Béres Szabolcs Holczer Lőrinc Hejjel László |
spellingShingle |
Béres Szabolcs Holczer Lőrinc Hejjel László On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology Measurement Science Review photoplethysmography heart rate variability sampling frequency spline interpolation wearable health |
author_facet |
Béres Szabolcs Holczer Lőrinc Hejjel László |
author_sort |
Béres Szabolcs |
title |
On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology |
title_short |
On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology |
title_full |
On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology |
title_fullStr |
On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the Minimal Adequate Sampling Frequency of the Photoplethysmogram for Pulse Rate Monitoring and Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Technology |
title_sort |
on the minimal adequate sampling frequency of the photoplethysmogram for pulse rate monitoring and heart rate variability analysis in mobile and wearable technology |
publisher |
Sciendo |
series |
Measurement Science Review |
issn |
1335-8871 |
publishDate |
2019-10-01 |
description |
Recently there has been great interest in photoplethysmogram signal processing. However, its minimally necessary sampling frequency for accurate heart rate variability parameters is ambiguous. In the present paper frequency-modulated 1.067 Hz cosine wave modelled the variable PPG in silico. The five-minute-long, 1 ms resolution master-signals were decimated (D) at 2-500 ms, then cubic spline interpolated (I) back to 1 ms resolution. The mean pulse rate, standard deviation, root mean square of successive pulse rate differences (RMSSD), and spectral components were computed by Varian 2.3 and compared to the master-series via relative accuracy error. Also Poincaré-plot morphology was assessed. Mean pulse rate is accurate down to 303 ms (D) and 400 ms (I). In low-variability series standard deviation required at least 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I). RMSSD needed 10 ms (D), and 303 ms (I) in normal, whereas 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) in low- variability series. In the frequency domain 5 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) are required. 2 ms (D) and 100 ms (I) preserved the Poincaré-plot morphology. The minimal sampling frequency of PPG for accurate HRV analysis is higher than expected from the signal bandwidth and sampling theorem. Interpolation improves accuracy. The ratio of sampling error and expected variability should be considered besides the inherent sensitivity of the given parameter, the interpolation technique, and the pulse rate detection method. |
topic |
photoplethysmography heart rate variability sampling frequency spline interpolation wearable health |
url |
https://doi.org/10.2478/msr-2019-0030 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT beresszabolcs ontheminimaladequatesamplingfrequencyofthephotoplethysmogramforpulseratemonitoringandheartratevariabilityanalysisinmobileandwearabletechnology AT holczerlorinc ontheminimaladequatesamplingfrequencyofthephotoplethysmogramforpulseratemonitoringandheartratevariabilityanalysisinmobileandwearabletechnology AT hejjellaszlo ontheminimaladequatesamplingfrequencyofthephotoplethysmogramforpulseratemonitoringandheartratevariabilityanalysisinmobileandwearabletechnology |
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