Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis
Seminal studies from Nikolai Anichckov identified the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries as the initial event that lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Further studies by Gofman and colleagues demonstrated that high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL...
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doaj-bfb1acd6994c44c998597654daded2372020-11-25T00:37:53ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine2297-055X2018-09-01510.3389/fcvm.2018.00130414747Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in AtherosclerosisXinbo Zhang0William C. Sessa1Carlos Fernández-Hernando2Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United StatesVascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United StatesVascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United StatesSeminal studies from Nikolai Anichckov identified the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries as the initial event that lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Further studies by Gofman and colleagues demonstrated that high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was responsible for the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in humans. These findings were confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies which identified elevated LDL-C levels as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. LDL infiltrates in the arterial wall and interacts with the proteoglycan matrix promoting the retention and modification of LDL to a toxic form, which results in endothelial cell (EC) activation and vascular inflammation. Despite the relevance of LDL transport across the endothelium during atherogenesis, the molecular mechanism that control this process is still not fully understood. A number of studies have recently demonstrated that low density lipoprotein (LDL) transcytosis across the endothelium is dependent on the function of caveolae, scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and LDL receptor (LDLR), whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and its major protein component apolipoprotein AI transcytose ECs through SR-B1, ATP-Binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. In this review article, we briefly summarize the function of the EC barrier in regulating lipoprotein transport, and its relevance during the progression of atherosclerosis. A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate lipoprotein transcytosis across ECs will help to develop therapies targeting the early events of atherosclerosis and thus exert potential benefits for treating atherosclerotic vascular disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00130/fulltranscytosislipoproteinendothelial cellatherosclerosisLDLHDL |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Xinbo Zhang William C. Sessa Carlos Fernández-Hernando |
spellingShingle |
Xinbo Zhang William C. Sessa Carlos Fernández-Hernando Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine transcytosis lipoprotein endothelial cell atherosclerosis LDL HDL |
author_facet |
Xinbo Zhang William C. Sessa Carlos Fernández-Hernando |
author_sort |
Xinbo Zhang |
title |
Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |
title_short |
Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |
title_full |
Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |
title_fullStr |
Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis |
title_sort |
endothelial transcytosis of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
issn |
2297-055X |
publishDate |
2018-09-01 |
description |
Seminal studies from Nikolai Anichckov identified the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries as the initial event that lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Further studies by Gofman and colleagues demonstrated that high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was responsible for the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in humans. These findings were confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies which identified elevated LDL-C levels as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. LDL infiltrates in the arterial wall and interacts with the proteoglycan matrix promoting the retention and modification of LDL to a toxic form, which results in endothelial cell (EC) activation and vascular inflammation. Despite the relevance of LDL transport across the endothelium during atherogenesis, the molecular mechanism that control this process is still not fully understood. A number of studies have recently demonstrated that low density lipoprotein (LDL) transcytosis across the endothelium is dependent on the function of caveolae, scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and LDL receptor (LDLR), whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and its major protein component apolipoprotein AI transcytose ECs through SR-B1, ATP-Binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. In this review article, we briefly summarize the function of the EC barrier in regulating lipoprotein transport, and its relevance during the progression of atherosclerosis. A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate lipoprotein transcytosis across ECs will help to develop therapies targeting the early events of atherosclerosis and thus exert potential benefits for treating atherosclerotic vascular disease. |
topic |
transcytosis lipoprotein endothelial cell atherosclerosis LDL HDL |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00130/full |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT xinbozhang endothelialtranscytosisoflipoproteinsinatherosclerosis AT williamcsessa endothelialtranscytosisoflipoproteinsinatherosclerosis AT carlosfernandezhernando endothelialtranscytosisoflipoproteinsinatherosclerosis |
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