PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa
The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in African cities remain poorly known due to scarcity of observation networks. Magnetic parameters of PM are robust proxies for the emissions of Fe-bearing particles. This study reports the first magnetic investigation of PM2.5 (PM with...
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doaj-c0104764ab5b46abbb8b7905f4da776e2021-04-14T23:04:37ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-04-011249649610.3390/atmos12040496PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West AfricaAruã da Silva Leite0Jean-François Léon1Melina Macouin2Sonia Rousse3Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade4Arnaud Proietti5Loïc Drigo6Paul Yves Jean Antonio7Aristide Barthélémy Akpo8Véronique Yoboué9Cathy Liousse10Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceLaboratoire d’Aérologie, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceGéosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceGéosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, BrazilCentre De Microcaractérisation Raimond Castaing, 31400 Toulouse, FranceGéosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, BrazilLaboratoire de Physique du Rayonnement, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, BeninLaboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère, Université Félix-Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BPV 34, Côte d’IvoireLaboratoire d’Aérologie, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, FranceThe physico-chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in African cities remain poorly known due to scarcity of observation networks. Magnetic parameters of PM are robust proxies for the emissions of Fe-bearing particles. This study reports the first magnetic investigation of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic size below 2.5 m) in Africa performed on weekly PM2.5 filters collected in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and Cotonou (Benin) between 2015 and 2017. The magnetic mineralogy is dominated by magnetite-like low coercivity minerals. Mass normalized SIRM are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>65</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mo>□</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>28</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mo>□</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Abidjan and Cotonou respectively. Hard coercivity material (S-ratio = 0.96 and MDF = 33 mT) is observed during the dry dusty season. Wood burning emits less iron oxides by PM2.5 mass when compared to traffic sources. PM2.5 magnetic granulometry has a narrow range regardless of the site or season. The excellent correlation between the site-averaged element carbon concentrations and SIRM suggests that PM2.5 magnetic parameters are linked to primary particulate emission from combustion sources.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/4/496environmental magnetismair pollutionPM composition |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Aruã da Silva Leite Jean-François Léon Melina Macouin Sonia Rousse Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade Arnaud Proietti Loïc Drigo Paul Yves Jean Antonio Aristide Barthélémy Akpo Véronique Yoboué Cathy Liousse |
spellingShingle |
Aruã da Silva Leite Jean-François Léon Melina Macouin Sonia Rousse Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade Arnaud Proietti Loïc Drigo Paul Yves Jean Antonio Aristide Barthélémy Akpo Véronique Yoboué Cathy Liousse PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa Atmosphere environmental magnetism air pollution PM composition |
author_facet |
Aruã da Silva Leite Jean-François Léon Melina Macouin Sonia Rousse Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade Arnaud Proietti Loïc Drigo Paul Yves Jean Antonio Aristide Barthélémy Akpo Véronique Yoboué Cathy Liousse |
author_sort |
Aruã da Silva Leite |
title |
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa |
title_short |
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa |
title_full |
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa |
title_fullStr |
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa |
title_full_unstemmed |
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa |
title_sort |
pm2.5 magnetic properties in relation to urban combustion sources in southern west africa |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Atmosphere |
issn |
2073-4433 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in African cities remain poorly known due to scarcity of observation networks. Magnetic parameters of PM are robust proxies for the emissions of Fe-bearing particles. This study reports the first magnetic investigation of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic size below 2.5 m) in Africa performed on weekly PM2.5 filters collected in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and Cotonou (Benin) between 2015 and 2017. The magnetic mineralogy is dominated by magnetite-like low coercivity minerals. Mass normalized SIRM are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>65</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mo>□</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>28</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mo>□</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Abidjan and Cotonou respectively. Hard coercivity material (S-ratio = 0.96 and MDF = 33 mT) is observed during the dry dusty season. Wood burning emits less iron oxides by PM2.5 mass when compared to traffic sources. PM2.5 magnetic granulometry has a narrow range regardless of the site or season. The excellent correlation between the site-averaged element carbon concentrations and SIRM suggests that PM2.5 magnetic parameters are linked to primary particulate emission from combustion sources. |
topic |
environmental magnetism air pollution PM composition |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/4/496 |
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