Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season
Aim: The sit and reach test (S&R), dorsiflexion lunge test (DLT), and adductor squeeze test (AST) are commonly used in weekly musculoskeletal screening for athlete monitoring and injury prevention purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal week to week variability of the tes...
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doaj-c15608363e604ad2b5a6bf8abe5437b82020-11-24T22:54:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2018-02-01910.3389/fphys.2018.00144275259Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League SeasonAlireza Esmaeili0Alireza Esmaeili1Andrew M. Stewart2William G. Hopkins3William G. Hopkins4George P. Elias5Brendan H. Lazarus6Brendan H. Lazarus7Amber E. Rowell8Amber E. Rowell9Robert J. Aughey10Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaWestern Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaNorwegian Defence Institute, Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaCollingwood Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaMelbourne Victory Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaInstitute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaAim: The sit and reach test (S&R), dorsiflexion lunge test (DLT), and adductor squeeze test (AST) are commonly used in weekly musculoskeletal screening for athlete monitoring and injury prevention purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal week to week variability of the test scores, individual differences in variability, and the effects of training load on the scores.Methods: Forty-four elite Australian rules footballers from one club completed the weekly screening tests on day 2 or 3 post-main training (pre-season) or post-match (in-season) over a 10 month season. Ratings of perceived exertion and session duration for all training sessions were used to derive various measures of training load via both simple summations and exponentially weighted moving averages. Data were analyzed via linear and quadratic mixed modeling and interpreted using magnitude-based inference.Results: Substantial small to moderate variability was found for the tests at both season phases; for example over the in-season, the normal variability ±90% confidence limits were as follows: S&R ±1.01 cm, ±0.12; DLT ±0.48 cm, ±0.06; AST ±7.4%, ±0.6%. Small individual differences in variability existed for the S&R and AST (factor standard deviations between 1.31 and 1.66). All measures of training load had trivial effects on the screening scores.Conclusion: A change in a test score larger than the normal variability is required to be considered a true change. Athlete monitoring and flagging systems need to account for the individual differences in variability. The tests are not sensitive to internal training load when conducted 2 or 3 days post-training or post-match, and the scores should be interpreted cautiously when used as measures of recovery.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00144/fullinjury preventionathlete monitoringrecoverymodelinghamstringgroin |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Alireza Esmaeili Alireza Esmaeili Andrew M. Stewart William G. Hopkins William G. Hopkins George P. Elias Brendan H. Lazarus Brendan H. Lazarus Amber E. Rowell Amber E. Rowell Robert J. Aughey |
spellingShingle |
Alireza Esmaeili Alireza Esmaeili Andrew M. Stewart William G. Hopkins William G. Hopkins George P. Elias Brendan H. Lazarus Brendan H. Lazarus Amber E. Rowell Amber E. Rowell Robert J. Aughey Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season Frontiers in Physiology injury prevention athlete monitoring recovery modeling hamstring groin |
author_facet |
Alireza Esmaeili Alireza Esmaeili Andrew M. Stewart William G. Hopkins William G. Hopkins George P. Elias Brendan H. Lazarus Brendan H. Lazarus Amber E. Rowell Amber E. Rowell Robert J. Aughey |
author_sort |
Alireza Esmaeili |
title |
Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season |
title_short |
Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season |
title_full |
Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season |
title_fullStr |
Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season |
title_full_unstemmed |
Normal Variability of Weekly Musculoskeletal Screening Scores and the Influence of Training Load across an Australian Football League Season |
title_sort |
normal variability of weekly musculoskeletal screening scores and the influence of training load across an australian football league season |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Physiology |
issn |
1664-042X |
publishDate |
2018-02-01 |
description |
Aim: The sit and reach test (S&R), dorsiflexion lunge test (DLT), and adductor squeeze test (AST) are commonly used in weekly musculoskeletal screening for athlete monitoring and injury prevention purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal week to week variability of the test scores, individual differences in variability, and the effects of training load on the scores.Methods: Forty-four elite Australian rules footballers from one club completed the weekly screening tests on day 2 or 3 post-main training (pre-season) or post-match (in-season) over a 10 month season. Ratings of perceived exertion and session duration for all training sessions were used to derive various measures of training load via both simple summations and exponentially weighted moving averages. Data were analyzed via linear and quadratic mixed modeling and interpreted using magnitude-based inference.Results: Substantial small to moderate variability was found for the tests at both season phases; for example over the in-season, the normal variability ±90% confidence limits were as follows: S&R ±1.01 cm, ±0.12; DLT ±0.48 cm, ±0.06; AST ±7.4%, ±0.6%. Small individual differences in variability existed for the S&R and AST (factor standard deviations between 1.31 and 1.66). All measures of training load had trivial effects on the screening scores.Conclusion: A change in a test score larger than the normal variability is required to be considered a true change. Athlete monitoring and flagging systems need to account for the individual differences in variability. The tests are not sensitive to internal training load when conducted 2 or 3 days post-training or post-match, and the scores should be interpreted cautiously when used as measures of recovery. |
topic |
injury prevention athlete monitoring recovery modeling hamstring groin |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.00144/full |
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