Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress

Low-temperature stress is a type of abiotic stress that limits plant growth and production in both subtropical and tropical climate conditions. In the current study, the effects of 24-epi-brassinolide (EBR) as analogs of brassinosteroids (BRs) were investigated, in terms of hormone content, antioxid...

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Main Authors: Parviz Heidari, Mahdi Entazari, Amin Ebrahimi, Mostafa Ahmadizadeh, Alessandro Vannozzi, Fabio Palumbo, Gianni Barcaccia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-04-01
Series:Horticulturae
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/4/84
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spelling doaj-c16eeb64dee949549d86ae718bc0dc382021-04-17T23:02:54ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242021-04-017848410.3390/horticulturae7040084Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature StressParviz Heidari0Mahdi Entazari1Amin Ebrahimi2Mostafa Ahmadizadeh3Alessandro Vannozzi4Fabio Palumbo5Gianni Barcaccia6Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, IranFaculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, IranFaculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, IranMinab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 7981634314, IranLaboratory of Genomics for Breeding, DAFNAE, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, 35030 Legnaro, ItalyLaboratory of Genomics for Breeding, DAFNAE, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, 35030 Legnaro, ItalyLaboratory of Genomics for Breeding, DAFNAE, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, 35030 Legnaro, ItalyLow-temperature stress is a type of abiotic stress that limits plant growth and production in both subtropical and tropical climate conditions. In the current study, the effects of 24-epi-brassinolide (EBR) as analogs of brassinosteroids (BRs) were investigated, in terms of hormone content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and transcription of several cold-responsive genes, under low-temperature stress (9 °C) in two different tomato species (cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant species). Results indicated that the treatment with exogenous EBR increases the content of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), whose accumulation is reduced by low temperatures in cold-sensitive species. Furthermore, the combination or contribution of BR and abscisic acid (ABA) as a synergetic interaction was recognized between BR and ABA in response to low temperatures. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline was significantly increased in both species, in response to low-temperature stress; however, EBR treatment did not affect the MDA and proline content. Moreover, in the present study, the effect of EBR application was different in the tomato species under low-temperature stress, which increased the catalase (CAT) activity in the cold-tolerant species and increased the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in the cold-sensitive species. Furthermore, expression levels of cold-responsive genes were influenced by low-temperature stress and EBR treatment. Overall, our findings revealed that a low temperature causes oxidative stress while EBR treatment may decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage into increasing antioxidant enzymes, and improve the growth rate of the tomato by affecting auxin and gibberellin content. This study provides insight into the mechanism by which BRs regulate stress-dependent processes in tomatoes, and provides a theoretical basis for promoting cold resistance of the tomato.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/4/84cold stresscold-responsive genesanti-oxidantsprolinemalondialdehydehormone profiling
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Parviz Heidari
Mahdi Entazari
Amin Ebrahimi
Mostafa Ahmadizadeh
Alessandro Vannozzi
Fabio Palumbo
Gianni Barcaccia
spellingShingle Parviz Heidari
Mahdi Entazari
Amin Ebrahimi
Mostafa Ahmadizadeh
Alessandro Vannozzi
Fabio Palumbo
Gianni Barcaccia
Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
Horticulturae
cold stress
cold-responsive genes
anti-oxidants
proline
malondialdehyde
hormone profiling
author_facet Parviz Heidari
Mahdi Entazari
Amin Ebrahimi
Mostafa Ahmadizadeh
Alessandro Vannozzi
Fabio Palumbo
Gianni Barcaccia
author_sort Parviz Heidari
title Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
title_short Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
title_full Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
title_fullStr Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
title_full_unstemmed Exogenous EBR Ameliorates Endogenous Hormone Contents in Tomato Species under Low-Temperature Stress
title_sort exogenous ebr ameliorates endogenous hormone contents in tomato species under low-temperature stress
publisher MDPI AG
series Horticulturae
issn 2311-7524
publishDate 2021-04-01
description Low-temperature stress is a type of abiotic stress that limits plant growth and production in both subtropical and tropical climate conditions. In the current study, the effects of 24-epi-brassinolide (EBR) as analogs of brassinosteroids (BRs) were investigated, in terms of hormone content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and transcription of several cold-responsive genes, under low-temperature stress (9 °C) in two different tomato species (cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant species). Results indicated that the treatment with exogenous EBR increases the content of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), whose accumulation is reduced by low temperatures in cold-sensitive species. Furthermore, the combination or contribution of BR and abscisic acid (ABA) as a synergetic interaction was recognized between BR and ABA in response to low temperatures. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline was significantly increased in both species, in response to low-temperature stress; however, EBR treatment did not affect the MDA and proline content. Moreover, in the present study, the effect of EBR application was different in the tomato species under low-temperature stress, which increased the catalase (CAT) activity in the cold-tolerant species and increased the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in the cold-sensitive species. Furthermore, expression levels of cold-responsive genes were influenced by low-temperature stress and EBR treatment. Overall, our findings revealed that a low temperature causes oxidative stress while EBR treatment may decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage into increasing antioxidant enzymes, and improve the growth rate of the tomato by affecting auxin and gibberellin content. This study provides insight into the mechanism by which BRs regulate stress-dependent processes in tomatoes, and provides a theoretical basis for promoting cold resistance of the tomato.
topic cold stress
cold-responsive genes
anti-oxidants
proline
malondialdehyde
hormone profiling
url https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/4/84
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