Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters
In this study, we apply high-resolution Sentinel-2A imagery to assist in the monitoring of the southwestern Spanish coast during its first year of data. The aim is to test suitability of MultiSpectral Imager (MSI) at higher resolution (10 m) for mapping Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Several field ca...
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doaj-c1b7e347495642d59007eaa72fa4b5d42020-11-25T00:38:50ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922018-06-0110798210.3390/rs10070982rs10070982Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity WatersIsabel Caballero0François Steinmetz1Gabriel Navarro2Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Marine Science Institute of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainHYGEOS, Bât. Euratechnologies, 165 Avenue de Bretagne, 59000 Lille, FranceDepartment of Ecology and Coastal Management, Marine Science Institute of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainIn this study, we apply high-resolution Sentinel-2A imagery to assist in the monitoring of the southwestern Spanish coast during its first year of data. The aim is to test suitability of MultiSpectral Imager (MSI) at higher resolution (10 m) for mapping Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Several field campaigns are carried out to collect TSS at three different sites in the Guadalquivir estuary, Cadiz Bay and Conil port. A regional multi-conditional remote sensing algorithm with a switching method that automatically selects the most sensitive TSS vs. water reflectance relationship is developed to estimate TSS concentration while avoiding saturation effects. An existing semi-analytical algorithm is calibrated by means of a cross-validation procedure based on both red 664 nm (r = 0.8, NRMSE of 25.06%) and near-infrared (NIR) 865 nm (r = 0.98, NRMSE of 10.28%) parts of the spectrum, showing the MSI sensor’s great potential to estimate TSS even though it was not designed for aquatic remote sensing. The first year of data reveals improved monitoring along the coastal region at unprecedented resolution with accuracy to detect the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM). ACOLITE and POLYMER Atmospheric Correction strategies are applied over this coastal region (no in-situ data on water reflectance). The results confirm that the flexible POLYMER algorithm can address intense sun-glint effects. These findings encourage further research of water quality studies relying on both operational Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B, with great implications to improve the understanding of turbid coastal and inland water environments.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/7/982Sentinel-2multi-conditional algorithmatmospheric correctionGulf of CadizGuadalquivir estuarysuspended solids |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Isabel Caballero François Steinmetz Gabriel Navarro |
spellingShingle |
Isabel Caballero François Steinmetz Gabriel Navarro Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters Remote Sensing Sentinel-2 multi-conditional algorithm atmospheric correction Gulf of Cadiz Guadalquivir estuary suspended solids |
author_facet |
Isabel Caballero François Steinmetz Gabriel Navarro |
author_sort |
Isabel Caballero |
title |
Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters |
title_short |
Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters |
title_full |
Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters |
title_fullStr |
Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of the First Year of Operational Sentinel-2A Data for Retrieval of Suspended Solids in Medium- to High-Turbidity Waters |
title_sort |
evaluation of the first year of operational sentinel-2a data for retrieval of suspended solids in medium- to high-turbidity waters |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Remote Sensing |
issn |
2072-4292 |
publishDate |
2018-06-01 |
description |
In this study, we apply high-resolution Sentinel-2A imagery to assist in the monitoring of the southwestern Spanish coast during its first year of data. The aim is to test suitability of MultiSpectral Imager (MSI) at higher resolution (10 m) for mapping Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Several field campaigns are carried out to collect TSS at three different sites in the Guadalquivir estuary, Cadiz Bay and Conil port. A regional multi-conditional remote sensing algorithm with a switching method that automatically selects the most sensitive TSS vs. water reflectance relationship is developed to estimate TSS concentration while avoiding saturation effects. An existing semi-analytical algorithm is calibrated by means of a cross-validation procedure based on both red 664 nm (r = 0.8, NRMSE of 25.06%) and near-infrared (NIR) 865 nm (r = 0.98, NRMSE of 10.28%) parts of the spectrum, showing the MSI sensor’s great potential to estimate TSS even though it was not designed for aquatic remote sensing. The first year of data reveals improved monitoring along the coastal region at unprecedented resolution with accuracy to detect the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM). ACOLITE and POLYMER Atmospheric Correction strategies are applied over this coastal region (no in-situ data on water reflectance). The results confirm that the flexible POLYMER algorithm can address intense sun-glint effects. These findings encourage further research of water quality studies relying on both operational Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B, with great implications to improve the understanding of turbid coastal and inland water environments. |
topic |
Sentinel-2 multi-conditional algorithm atmospheric correction Gulf of Cadiz Guadalquivir estuary suspended solids |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/7/982 |
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