Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder
Cells are inhomogeneously crowded, possessing a wide range of intracellular liquid droplets abundantly present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and bacterial cells, in the mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm of eukaryotes, and in the chloroplast’s stroma of plant cells. These proteinaceous...
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doaj-c411fe1fbe2f4557af1dd9e2ddf0a4362020-11-25T01:09:43ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-09-012418326510.3390/molecules24183265molecules24183265Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic DisorderVladimir N. Uversky0Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USACells are inhomogeneously crowded, possessing a wide range of intracellular liquid droplets abundantly present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and bacterial cells, in the mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm of eukaryotes, and in the chloroplast’s stroma of plant cells. These proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs) not only represent a natural method of intracellular compartmentalization, which is crucial for successful execution of various biological functions, but also serve as important means for the processing of local information and rapid response to the fluctuations in environmental conditions. Since PMLOs, being complex macromolecular assemblages, possess many characteristic features of liquids, they represent highly dynamic (or fuzzy) protein−protein and/or protein−nucleic acid complexes. The biogenesis of PMLOs is controlled by specific intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins with ordered domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs), which, due to their highly dynamic structures and ability to facilitate multivalent interactions, serve as indispensable drivers of the biological liquid−liquid phase transitions (LLPTs) giving rise to PMLOs. In this article, the importance of the disorder-based supramolecular fuzziness for LLPTs and PMLO biogenesis is discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/18/3265intrinsically disordered proteinintrinsically disordered protein regionliquid–liquid phase transitionprotein–protein interactionprotein–nucleic acid interactionproteinaceous membrane-less organellefuzzy complex. |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Vladimir N. Uversky |
spellingShingle |
Vladimir N. Uversky Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder Molecules intrinsically disordered protein intrinsically disordered protein region liquid–liquid phase transition protein–protein interaction protein–nucleic acid interaction proteinaceous membrane-less organelle fuzzy complex. |
author_facet |
Vladimir N. Uversky |
author_sort |
Vladimir N. Uversky |
title |
Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder |
title_short |
Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder |
title_full |
Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder |
title_fullStr |
Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder |
title_full_unstemmed |
Supramolecular Fuzziness of Intracellular Liquid Droplets: Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions, Membrane-Less Organelles, and Intrinsic Disorder |
title_sort |
supramolecular fuzziness of intracellular liquid droplets: liquid–liquid phase transitions, membrane-less organelles, and intrinsic disorder |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2019-09-01 |
description |
Cells are inhomogeneously crowded, possessing a wide range of intracellular liquid droplets abundantly present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and bacterial cells, in the mitochondrial matrix and nucleoplasm of eukaryotes, and in the chloroplast’s stroma of plant cells. These proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs) not only represent a natural method of intracellular compartmentalization, which is crucial for successful execution of various biological functions, but also serve as important means for the processing of local information and rapid response to the fluctuations in environmental conditions. Since PMLOs, being complex macromolecular assemblages, possess many characteristic features of liquids, they represent highly dynamic (or fuzzy) protein−protein and/or protein−nucleic acid complexes. The biogenesis of PMLOs is controlled by specific intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins with ordered domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs), which, due to their highly dynamic structures and ability to facilitate multivalent interactions, serve as indispensable drivers of the biological liquid−liquid phase transitions (LLPTs) giving rise to PMLOs. In this article, the importance of the disorder-based supramolecular fuzziness for LLPTs and PMLO biogenesis is discussed. |
topic |
intrinsically disordered protein intrinsically disordered protein region liquid–liquid phase transition protein–protein interaction protein–nucleic acid interaction proteinaceous membrane-less organelle fuzzy complex. |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/18/3265 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT vladimirnuversky supramolecularfuzzinessofintracellularliquiddropletsliquidliquidphasetransitionsmembranelessorganellesandintrinsicdisorder |
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1725177010093817856 |