Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease COVID-19 is significantly implicated by global heterogeneity in the genome organization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The causative agents of global heterogeneity in the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 are not well characteriz...
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doaj-c429d4cbef7a4080a9b132e327f782032021-07-01T00:34:16ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-06-011191291210.3390/biom11060912Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19Saadullah Khattak0Mohd Ahmar Rauf1Qamar Zaman2Yasir Ali3Shabeen Fatima4Pir Muhammad5Tao Li6Hamza Ali Khan7Azhar Abbas Khan8Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi9Dong-Dong Wu10Xin-Ying Ji11Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, PakistanNational Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, PakistanHenan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, PakistanHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, ChinaThe ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease COVID-19 is significantly implicated by global heterogeneity in the genome organization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The causative agents of global heterogeneity in the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 are not well characterized due to the lack of comparative study of a large enough sample size from around the globe to reduce the standard deviation to the acceptable margin of error. To better understand the SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of codon usage bias of sixty (60) strains to get a snapshot of its global heterogeneity. Our study shows a relatively low codon usage bias in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome globally, with nearly all the over-preferred codons’ A.U. ended. We concluded that the SARS-CoV-2 genome is primarily shaped by mutation pressure; however, marginal selection pressure cannot be overlooked. Within the A/U rich virus genomes of SARS-CoV-2, the standard deviation in G.C. (42.91% ± 5.84%) and the GC3 value (30.14% ± 6.93%) points towards global heterogeneity of the virus. Several SARS-CoV-2 viral strains were originated from different viral lineages at the exact geographic location also supports this fact. Taking all together, these findings suggest that the general root ancestry of the global genomes are different with different genome’s level adaptation to host. This research may provide new insights into the codon patterns, host adaptation, and global heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/6/912CoronavirusSARS-CoV-2Codon usage biasCOVID-19heterogeneity of COVID-19mutational bias |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Saadullah Khattak Mohd Ahmar Rauf Qamar Zaman Yasir Ali Shabeen Fatima Pir Muhammad Tao Li Hamza Ali Khan Azhar Abbas Khan Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi Dong-Dong Wu Xin-Ying Ji |
spellingShingle |
Saadullah Khattak Mohd Ahmar Rauf Qamar Zaman Yasir Ali Shabeen Fatima Pir Muhammad Tao Li Hamza Ali Khan Azhar Abbas Khan Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi Dong-Dong Wu Xin-Ying Ji Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Biomolecules Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Codon usage bias COVID-19 heterogeneity of COVID-19 mutational bias |
author_facet |
Saadullah Khattak Mohd Ahmar Rauf Qamar Zaman Yasir Ali Shabeen Fatima Pir Muhammad Tao Li Hamza Ali Khan Azhar Abbas Khan Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi Dong-Dong Wu Xin-Ying Ji |
author_sort |
Saadullah Khattak |
title |
Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 |
title_short |
Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 |
title_full |
Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 |
title_fullStr |
Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Reveals Global Heterogeneity of COVID-19 |
title_sort |
genome-wide analysis of codon usage patterns of sars-cov-2 virus reveals global heterogeneity of covid-19 |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Biomolecules |
issn |
2218-273X |
publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
description |
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease COVID-19 is significantly implicated by global heterogeneity in the genome organization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The causative agents of global heterogeneity in the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 are not well characterized due to the lack of comparative study of a large enough sample size from around the globe to reduce the standard deviation to the acceptable margin of error. To better understand the SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of codon usage bias of sixty (60) strains to get a snapshot of its global heterogeneity. Our study shows a relatively low codon usage bias in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome globally, with nearly all the over-preferred codons’ A.U. ended. We concluded that the SARS-CoV-2 genome is primarily shaped by mutation pressure; however, marginal selection pressure cannot be overlooked. Within the A/U rich virus genomes of SARS-CoV-2, the standard deviation in G.C. (42.91% ± 5.84%) and the GC3 value (30.14% ± 6.93%) points towards global heterogeneity of the virus. Several SARS-CoV-2 viral strains were originated from different viral lineages at the exact geographic location also supports this fact. Taking all together, these findings suggest that the general root ancestry of the global genomes are different with different genome’s level adaptation to host. This research may provide new insights into the codon patterns, host adaptation, and global heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2. |
topic |
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Codon usage bias COVID-19 heterogeneity of COVID-19 mutational bias |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/6/912 |
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