Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree
Valsa mali, a parasitic fungus, is a destructive pathogen of apple tree that causes heavy economic losses in China. The pathogen secretes various cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade plant cell-wall components, and thus facilitate its entry into host cells. Therefore, functional analysis...
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doaj-c50b86fea7d04da79616503e941d4e7a2020-11-24T22:04:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2018-05-01910.3389/fpls.2018.00663360366Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple TreeChunlei Yu0Ting Li1Xiangpeng Shi2Muhammad Saleem3Baohua Li4Wenxing Liang5Caixia Wang6Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaKey Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaKey Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United StatesKey Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaKey Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaKey Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, ChinaValsa mali, a parasitic fungus, is a destructive pathogen of apple tree that causes heavy economic losses in China. The pathogen secretes various cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade plant cell-wall components, and thus facilitate its entry into host cells. Therefore, functional analysis of the genes encoding CWDEs is necessary to understand virulence of V. mali toward apple tree. Here, we identified and cloned an endo-β-1,4-xylanase gene, VmXyl1 in V. mali. The full-length cDNA of VmXyl1 is 1626 bp containing 5′- and 3′-non-coding regions, as well an open reading frame of 1320 bp that encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass and an isoelectric point of 43.8 kDa and 4.4, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences showed significant homology to a family GH10 of glycosyl hydrolases. The apple branch extract and beechwood xylan, but not glucose, induced the expression of VmXyl1. Furthermore, VmXyl1 had high expression levels in the apple tree bark during the pathogen infection. The deletion of VmXyl1 did not affect mycelia growth; however, it significantly reduced pycnidia formation in V. mali. The deletion strains showed a reduced virulence toward apple leaves and twigs. Moreover, the mutant strains had reduced endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity and growth when cultured using beechwood xylan as the only carbon source. Reintroducing wild-type VmXyl1 into the mutant strains rescued the defect phenotype. We conclude that VmXyl1 determines the virulence of V. mali toward apple tree. These results provide valuable insight into the plant–pathogen molecular interactions.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00663/fullValsa maliendo-β-14-xylanasegene characterizationgene deletionvirulence |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Chunlei Yu Ting Li Xiangpeng Shi Muhammad Saleem Baohua Li Wenxing Liang Caixia Wang |
spellingShingle |
Chunlei Yu Ting Li Xiangpeng Shi Muhammad Saleem Baohua Li Wenxing Liang Caixia Wang Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree Frontiers in Plant Science Valsa mali endo-β-1 4-xylanase gene characterization gene deletion virulence |
author_facet |
Chunlei Yu Ting Li Xiangpeng Shi Muhammad Saleem Baohua Li Wenxing Liang Caixia Wang |
author_sort |
Chunlei Yu |
title |
Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree |
title_short |
Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree |
title_full |
Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree |
title_fullStr |
Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree |
title_full_unstemmed |
Deletion of Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase VmXyl1 Impacts the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree |
title_sort |
deletion of endo-β-1,4-xylanase vmxyl1 impacts the virulence of valsa mali in apple tree |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Plant Science |
issn |
1664-462X |
publishDate |
2018-05-01 |
description |
Valsa mali, a parasitic fungus, is a destructive pathogen of apple tree that causes heavy economic losses in China. The pathogen secretes various cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade plant cell-wall components, and thus facilitate its entry into host cells. Therefore, functional analysis of the genes encoding CWDEs is necessary to understand virulence of V. mali toward apple tree. Here, we identified and cloned an endo-β-1,4-xylanase gene, VmXyl1 in V. mali. The full-length cDNA of VmXyl1 is 1626 bp containing 5′- and 3′-non-coding regions, as well an open reading frame of 1320 bp that encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass and an isoelectric point of 43.8 kDa and 4.4, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences showed significant homology to a family GH10 of glycosyl hydrolases. The apple branch extract and beechwood xylan, but not glucose, induced the expression of VmXyl1. Furthermore, VmXyl1 had high expression levels in the apple tree bark during the pathogen infection. The deletion of VmXyl1 did not affect mycelia growth; however, it significantly reduced pycnidia formation in V. mali. The deletion strains showed a reduced virulence toward apple leaves and twigs. Moreover, the mutant strains had reduced endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity and growth when cultured using beechwood xylan as the only carbon source. Reintroducing wild-type VmXyl1 into the mutant strains rescued the defect phenotype. We conclude that VmXyl1 determines the virulence of V. mali toward apple tree. These results provide valuable insight into the plant–pathogen molecular interactions. |
topic |
Valsa mali endo-β-1 4-xylanase gene characterization gene deletion virulence |
url |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00663/full |
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