Estudo Comparado da Gestão das Visitações nos Parques Estaduais Turísticos do Alto da Ribeira (PETAR) e Intervales (PEI), São Paulo, Brasil

• Main Authors: Gilberto Sarfati, Nara nanae Sano
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Universidade de São Paulo 2012-04-01
• Series: Revista Turismo em Análise
• Subjects: PETAR, PEI, Gestão de Visitações, Turismo Sustentável e Tragédia dos Comuns.
• Online Access: http://www.turismoemanalise.org.br/turismoemanalise/article/view/174

<font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><span>Resumo</span></strong><strong></strong></font></font><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">O objetivo primário desta pesquisa é investigar porque dois parques estaduais relativamente semelhantes (PETAR e PEI) apresentam graus de conservação tão distintos. A hipótese central é que as diferenças podem ser explicadas em função das gestões diferentes, ou seja, o PEI é mais conservado que o PETAR, pois sua gestão é conduzida pela Fundação Florestal com a participação da comunidade local através de uma cooperativa. A análise dos dados e do resultado da pesquisa de campo nos leva a concluir que o PETAR está sofrendo um processo de deterioração de suas cavernas abertas à visitação e de seu entorno fruto do turismo desordenado, configurando assim a incidência da tragédia dos comuns. Já no caso do PEI foi constatada uma visitação mais controlada e limitada e, portanto, um grau de preservação do complexo turístico bastante superior. Conclui-se que o modelo de gestão no qual o PEI é vinculado a Fundação Florestal ajuda a explicar o melhor grau de conservação do parque em relação ao PETAR administrado pelo Instituto Florestal. </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt">Palavras-Chave:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt"> PETAR; PEI; gestão de visitações; turismo sustentável; tragédia dos comuns.</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></strong><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Abstract</font></span></em></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="hps"><em><span style="font-size: 12pt">The primary objective</span></em></span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"> <span class="hps">of this research</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">to investigate</span> <span class="hps">why</span> <span class="hps">two</span> <span class="hps">state parks</span> which <span class="hps">are relatively similar</span> <span class="hps">(</span>PETAR <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">PEI</span>) <span class="hps">have</span> <span class="hps">such</span> <span class="hps">different</span> <span class="hps">degrees</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">conservation</span>. <span class="hps">The central hypothesis is</span> <span class="hps">that differences</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">explained</span> <span class="hps">on the basis</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">differences on managements. PEI is</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">best preserved</span> than <span class="hps">PETAR</span> <span class="hps">because</span> <span class="hps">their management</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">conducted</span> <span class="hps">by the</span> <span class="hps">Forest Foundation</span> <span class="hps">with the</span> <span class="hps">participation</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">local community</span> <span class="hps">through</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">cooperative.</span> <span class="hps">Data analysis</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">results</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">field research</span> <span class="hps">leads us to</span> <span class="hps">conclude</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">PETAR</span> <span class="hps">is undergoing</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">process of</span> <span class="hps">deterioration</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">their</span> <span class="hps">caves</span> <span class="hps">open to</span> <span class="hps">visitors</span> <span class="hps">and its</span> <span class="hps">surroundings</span> <span class="hps">result</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">chaotic tourism</span>, <span class="hps">thus creating the</span> <span class="hps">effect</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">tragedy</span> <span class="hps">of the commons</span>. <span class="hps">In the</span> <span class="hps">case</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">PEI</span> <span class="hps">was</span> <span class="hps">found</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">more</span> <span class="hps">controlled</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">limited</span> <span class="hps">visitation</span>, and <span class="hps">therefore</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">degree of</span> <span class="hps">preservation</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">park</span> <span class="hps">much higher</span>. <span class="hps">We conclude</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">management model</span> <span class="hps">in which</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">PEI</span> <span class="hps">is bound</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">Forest Foundation</span> <span class="hps">helps to explain</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">best grade</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">conservation</span> <span class="hps">of the park</span> <span class="hps">over</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">PETAR</span> <span class="hps">managed</span> <span class="hps">by the Forestry Institute</span>.</span></em></font><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"> PETAR; PEI; tourism management; sustainable tourism; tragedy of commons.</span></em></font><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></em><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Resumen</font></span></em></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="hps"><em><span style="font-size: 12pt">El objetivo</span></em></span><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"> <span class="hps">principal</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">este estudio</span> <span class="hps">es investigar</span> <span class="hps">por qué</span> <span class="hps">dos</span> <span class="hps">parques</span> <span class="hps">estaduales que</span> <span class="hps">son relativamente similares</span> <span class="hps">(</span>PETAR <span class="hps">y</span> <span class="hps">PEI</span>) disponen de <span class="hps">diferentes grados de</span> <span class="hps">conservación</span>. <span class="hps">La hipótesis</span> <span class="hps">central</span> <span class="hps">es que las</span> <span class="hps">diferencias</span> <span class="hps">se pueden</span> <span class="hps">explicar</span> <span class="hps">sobre la base</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">diferentes manejos</span>, <span class="hps">es decir</span>, <span class="hps">PEI</span> <span class="hps">es</span> <span class="hps">mejor</span> <span class="hps">conservado que PETAR</span> <span class="hps">debido a que su</span> <span class="hps">gestión</span> <span class="hps">se lleva a cabo</span> <span class="hps">por la</span> <span class="hps">Fundación</span> <span class="hps">Forestal</span>, con la participación <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">la comunidad</span> <span class="hps">local</span> <span class="hps"><span> </span>por medio de</span> <span class="hps">una</span> <span class="hps">cooperativa</span>. <span class="hps">El análisis de datos</span> <span class="hps">y los resultados</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">la investigación de campo</span> <span class="hps">nos lleva</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">la conclusión de que</span> <span class="hps">PETAR</span> <span class="hps">está experimentando</span> <span class="hps">un proceso de</span> <span class="hps">deterioro</span> <span class="hps">de sus</span> <span class="hps">cuevas</span> <span class="hps">abiertas</span> <span class="hps">al público</span> <span class="hps">y su</span>s <span class="hps">alrededores</span> <span class="hps">por razón de un</span> <span class="hps">turismo no regulado,</span> <span class="hps">creando así</span> <span class="hps">el efecto de</span> <span class="hps">la</span> <span class="hps">tragedia</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">los</span> <span class="hps">comunes</span>. <span class="hps">En</span> <span class="hps">el</span> <span class="hps">caso</span> <span class="hps">de PEI</span> <span class="hps">se</span> <span class="hps">encontró</span> <span class="hps">una visita</span> <span class="hps">más</span> <span class="hps">controlada</span> <span class="hps">y limitada</span>, <span class="hps">y</span> <span class="hps">por lo tanto</span> <span class="hps">un grado</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">preservación</span> <span class="hps">del</span> parque <span class="hps">mucho más alto</span>. <span class="hps">Se concluye</span> <span class="hps">que</span> <span class="hps">el modelo de gestión</span> <span class="hps">en el que</span> <span class="hps">PEI</span> es manejado por la Fundación Forestal <span class="hps">ayuda</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">explicar</span> <span class="hps">el mejor grado</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">conservación del parque</span> <span class="hps">sobre</span> <span class="hps">el</span> <span class="hps">PETAR</span> <span class="hps">administrado por</span> <span class="hps">el</span> <span class="hps">Instituto</span> <span class="hps">Forestal</span>.</span></em></font> <p style="text-align: justify; margin: 6pt 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt">Palabras claves:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt"> PETAR; PEI; gestión de turismo; t<span class="hps">urismo</span> s<span class="hps">ostenible; tragedia</span> <span class="hps">de</span> <span class="hps">los comunes</span>.</span></em></font></p>