Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury

Investigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that...

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Main Authors: Veselina Petrova, Bart Nieuwenhuis, James W. Fawcett, Richard Eva
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-02-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1798
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spelling doaj-ca0e44fddac5480b8fbe080f9dbe1d952021-02-12T00:04:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-02-01221798179810.3390/ijms22041798Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after InjuryVeselina Petrova0Bart Nieuwenhuis1James W. Fawcett2Richard Eva3John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UKJohn van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UKJohn van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UKJohn van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UKInvestigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that various axonal organelles are important centers for organizing the molecular mechanisms and machinery required for growth cone development and axon extension, and these have recently been targeted to stimulate robust regeneration in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes recent literature highlighting a central role for organelles such as recycling endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes and the proteasome in developmental axon growth, and describes how these organelles can be targeted to promote axon regeneration after injury to the adult CNS. This review also examines the connections between these organelles in developing and regenerating axons, and finally discusses the molecular mechanisms within the axon that are required for successful axon growth.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1798axon growthaxon regenerationinter-organelle membrane contact sitesorganelles
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Veselina Petrova
Bart Nieuwenhuis
James W. Fawcett
Richard Eva
spellingShingle Veselina Petrova
Bart Nieuwenhuis
James W. Fawcett
Richard Eva
Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
axon growth
axon regeneration
inter-organelle membrane contact sites
organelles
author_facet Veselina Petrova
Bart Nieuwenhuis
James W. Fawcett
Richard Eva
author_sort Veselina Petrova
title Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
title_short Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
title_full Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
title_fullStr Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
title_full_unstemmed Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
title_sort axonal organelles as molecular platforms for axon growth and regeneration after injury
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Molecular Sciences
issn 1661-6596
1422-0067
publishDate 2021-02-01
description Investigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that various axonal organelles are important centers for organizing the molecular mechanisms and machinery required for growth cone development and axon extension, and these have recently been targeted to stimulate robust regeneration in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes recent literature highlighting a central role for organelles such as recycling endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes and the proteasome in developmental axon growth, and describes how these organelles can be targeted to promote axon regeneration after injury to the adult CNS. This review also examines the connections between these organelles in developing and regenerating axons, and finally discusses the molecular mechanisms within the axon that are required for successful axon growth.
topic axon growth
axon regeneration
inter-organelle membrane contact sites
organelles
url https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/1798
work_keys_str_mv AT veselinapetrova axonalorganellesasmolecularplatformsforaxongrowthandregenerationafterinjury
AT bartnieuwenhuis axonalorganellesasmolecularplatformsforaxongrowthandregenerationafterinjury
AT jameswfawcett axonalorganellesasmolecularplatformsforaxongrowthandregenerationafterinjury
AT richardeva axonalorganellesasmolecularplatformsforaxongrowthandregenerationafterinjury
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