Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling
The impacts of dietary nitrates and nitrites on human health have been a controversial topic for many years. However, the risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites is complicated by the large variation in nitrate and nitrite intake among people and the endogenous nitrite formation in the...
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2021-12-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021004323 |
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doaj-cb2d608196cc43f78adec54efd6875ca2021-10-01T04:46:16ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202021-12-01157106807Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modelingCheng-Jih Cheng0Yuh-Ting Kuo1Jein-Wen Chen2Guor-Jien Wei3Yi-Jun Lin4Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, TaiwanDepartment of Food and Beverage Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Metabolomics-Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Corresponding author at: Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.The impacts of dietary nitrates and nitrites on human health have been a controversial topic for many years. However, the risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites is complicated by the large variation in nitrate and nitrite intake among people and the endogenous nitrite formation in the body. This study conducted a probabilistic risk–benefit assessment of dietary nitrates and nitrites based on internal dose by integrating exogenous and endogenous exposures with human trial data on cardiovascular benefits. A total diet study was carried out to quantify the age-specific dietary intakes of nitrates and nitrites. A previously well-validated human toxicokinetic model was used to predict internal doses for different age groups. In addition, the integrated approach was applied to different populations from different countries/regions based on reported exposure estimates to conduct a comprehensive risk–benefit assessment of dietary nitrates and nitrites. The results demonstrated that vegetable consumption was the main contributor to the internal nitrate and nitrite levels in all age groups. Exposure to nitrates and nitrites exceeding acceptable daily intakes in a variety of foods showed cardiovascular benefits. The probabilistic risk assessment showed that the exposure to nitrates and nitrites did not pose an appreciable health and safety risk. Therefore, the present results suggest that dietary nitrates and nitrites have clear cardiovascular benefits that may outweigh potential risks. Our analysis contributes significantly to addressing the controversy regarding risks and benefits from dietary nitrates and nitrites, and our approach could be applied to other dietary constituents with the potential for both risks and benefits.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021004323NitratesNitritesRisk-benefit assessmentTotal diet studyToxicokinetic modeling |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
Cheng-Jih Cheng Yuh-Ting Kuo Jein-Wen Chen Guor-Jien Wei Yi-Jun Lin |
| spellingShingle |
Cheng-Jih Cheng Yuh-Ting Kuo Jein-Wen Chen Guor-Jien Wei Yi-Jun Lin Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling Environment International Nitrates Nitrites Risk-benefit assessment Total diet study Toxicokinetic modeling |
| author_facet |
Cheng-Jih Cheng Yuh-Ting Kuo Jein-Wen Chen Guor-Jien Wei Yi-Jun Lin |
| author_sort |
Cheng-Jih Cheng |
| title |
Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| title_short |
Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| title_full |
Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| title_fullStr |
Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| title_sort |
probabilistic risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites by integrating total diet study-based exogenous dietary exposure with endogenous nitrite formation using toxicokinetic modeling |
| publisher |
Elsevier |
| series |
Environment International |
| issn |
0160-4120 |
| publishDate |
2021-12-01 |
| description |
The impacts of dietary nitrates and nitrites on human health have been a controversial topic for many years. However, the risk and benefit assessment of nitrates and nitrites is complicated by the large variation in nitrate and nitrite intake among people and the endogenous nitrite formation in the body. This study conducted a probabilistic risk–benefit assessment of dietary nitrates and nitrites based on internal dose by integrating exogenous and endogenous exposures with human trial data on cardiovascular benefits. A total diet study was carried out to quantify the age-specific dietary intakes of nitrates and nitrites. A previously well-validated human toxicokinetic model was used to predict internal doses for different age groups. In addition, the integrated approach was applied to different populations from different countries/regions based on reported exposure estimates to conduct a comprehensive risk–benefit assessment of dietary nitrates and nitrites. The results demonstrated that vegetable consumption was the main contributor to the internal nitrate and nitrite levels in all age groups. Exposure to nitrates and nitrites exceeding acceptable daily intakes in a variety of foods showed cardiovascular benefits. The probabilistic risk assessment showed that the exposure to nitrates and nitrites did not pose an appreciable health and safety risk. Therefore, the present results suggest that dietary nitrates and nitrites have clear cardiovascular benefits that may outweigh potential risks. Our analysis contributes significantly to addressing the controversy regarding risks and benefits from dietary nitrates and nitrites, and our approach could be applied to other dietary constituents with the potential for both risks and benefits. |
| topic |
Nitrates Nitrites Risk-benefit assessment Total diet study Toxicokinetic modeling |
| url |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021004323 |
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