Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats
Flame retardants (FRs) are used in a variety of common items from furniture to carpet to electronics to reduce flammability and combustion, but the potential toxicity of these compounds is raising health concerns globally. Organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) are becoming more prevalent as older, brominated...
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doaj-ccc9936440ed41c9ad3cb0e2759b99ad2020-11-25T03:25:29ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-04-01212553255310.3390/ijms21072553Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female RatsSoraia Macari0Kylie D. Rock1Mariana S. Santos2Virgínia T. M. Lima3Raphael E. Szawka4Jamal Moss5Brian Horman6Heather B. Patisaul7Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, BrazilDepartment of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, BrazilDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, BrazilDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, BrazilDepartment of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USAFlame retardants (FRs) are used in a variety of common items from furniture to carpet to electronics to reduce flammability and combustion, but the potential toxicity of these compounds is raising health concerns globally. Organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) are becoming more prevalent as older, brominated FRs are phased out, but the toxicity of these compounds, and the FR mixtures that contain them, is poorly understood. Work in a variety of in vitro model systems has suggested that FRs may induce metabolic reprogramming such that bone density is compromised at the expense of increasing adiposity. To address this hypothesis, the present studies maternally exposed Wistar rat dams orally across gestation and lactation to 1000 µg daily of the FR mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) which contains a mixture of brominated FRs and OPFRs. At six months of age, the offspring of both sexes were examined for evidence of compromised bone composition. Bone density, composition, and marrow were all significantly affected, but only in males. The fact that the phenotype was observed months after exposure suggests that FM 550 altered some fundamental aspect of mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming. The severity of the phenotype and the human-relevance of the dose employed, affirm this is an adverse outcome meriting further exploration.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/7/2553obesogenendocrine disrupting chemicalssex differenceadiposetrabecularcortical bone |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Soraia Macari Kylie D. Rock Mariana S. Santos Virgínia T. M. Lima Raphael E. Szawka Jamal Moss Brian Horman Heather B. Patisaul |
spellingShingle |
Soraia Macari Kylie D. Rock Mariana S. Santos Virgínia T. M. Lima Raphael E. Szawka Jamal Moss Brian Horman Heather B. Patisaul Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats International Journal of Molecular Sciences obesogen endocrine disrupting chemicals sex difference adipose trabecular cortical bone |
author_facet |
Soraia Macari Kylie D. Rock Mariana S. Santos Virgínia T. M. Lima Raphael E. Szawka Jamal Moss Brian Horman Heather B. Patisaul |
author_sort |
Soraia Macari |
title |
Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats |
title_short |
Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats |
title_full |
Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats |
title_fullStr |
Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats |
title_full_unstemmed |
Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats |
title_sort |
developmental exposure to the flame retardant mixture firemaster 550 compromises adult bone integrity in male but not female rats |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2020-04-01 |
description |
Flame retardants (FRs) are used in a variety of common items from furniture to carpet to electronics to reduce flammability and combustion, but the potential toxicity of these compounds is raising health concerns globally. Organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) are becoming more prevalent as older, brominated FRs are phased out, but the toxicity of these compounds, and the FR mixtures that contain them, is poorly understood. Work in a variety of in vitro model systems has suggested that FRs may induce metabolic reprogramming such that bone density is compromised at the expense of increasing adiposity. To address this hypothesis, the present studies maternally exposed Wistar rat dams orally across gestation and lactation to 1000 µg daily of the FR mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) which contains a mixture of brominated FRs and OPFRs. At six months of age, the offspring of both sexes were examined for evidence of compromised bone composition. Bone density, composition, and marrow were all significantly affected, but only in males. The fact that the phenotype was observed months after exposure suggests that FM 550 altered some fundamental aspect of mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming. The severity of the phenotype and the human-relevance of the dose employed, affirm this is an adverse outcome meriting further exploration. |
topic |
obesogen endocrine disrupting chemicals sex difference adipose trabecular cortical bone |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/7/2553 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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