A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation
Bus operators around the world are facing the transformation of their fleets from fossil-fuelled to electric buses. Two technologies prevail: Depot charging and opportunity charging at terminal stops. Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an important metric for the decision between the two technologies;...
Main Authors: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-08-01
|
Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/11/3/56 |
id |
doaj-cd6f5dacc07349a8816d2fbaddb9a5ed |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-cd6f5dacc07349a8816d2fbaddb9a5ed2020-11-25T03:51:43ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532020-08-0111565610.3390/wevj11030056A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure OptimisationDominic Jefferies0Dietmar Göhlich1Department of Methods for Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Methods for Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyBus operators around the world are facing the transformation of their fleets from fossil-fuelled to electric buses. Two technologies prevail: Depot charging and opportunity charging at terminal stops. Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an important metric for the decision between the two technologies; however, most TCO studies for electric bus systems rely on generalised route data and simplifying assumptions that may not reflect local conditions. In particular, the need to reschedule vehicle operations to satisfy electric buses’ range and charging time constraints is commonly disregarded. We present a simulation tool based on discrete-event simulation to determine the vehicle, charging infrastructure, energy and staff demand required to electrify real-world bus networks. These results are then passed to a TCO model. A greedy scheduling algorithm is developed to plan vehicle schedules suitable for electric buses. Scheduling and simulation are coupled with a genetic algorithm to determine cost-optimised charging locations for opportunity charging. A case study is carried out in which we analyse the electrification of a metropolitan bus network consisting of 39 lines with 4748 passenger trips per day. The results generally favour opportunity charging over depot charging in terms of TCO; however, under some circumstances, the technologies are on par. This emphasises the need for a detailed analysis of the local bus network in order to make an informed procurement decision.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/11/3/56electric busbus networksimulationschedulingcharging infrastructuredepot charging |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Dominic Jefferies Dietmar Göhlich |
spellingShingle |
Dominic Jefferies Dietmar Göhlich A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation World Electric Vehicle Journal electric bus bus network simulation scheduling charging infrastructure depot charging |
author_facet |
Dominic Jefferies Dietmar Göhlich |
author_sort |
Dominic Jefferies |
title |
A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation |
title_short |
A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation |
title_full |
A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation |
title_fullStr |
A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation |
title_sort |
comprehensive tco evaluation method for electric bus systems based on discrete-event simulation including bus scheduling and charging infrastructure optimisation |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
World Electric Vehicle Journal |
issn |
2032-6653 |
publishDate |
2020-08-01 |
description |
Bus operators around the world are facing the transformation of their fleets from fossil-fuelled to electric buses. Two technologies prevail: Depot charging and opportunity charging at terminal stops. Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an important metric for the decision between the two technologies; however, most TCO studies for electric bus systems rely on generalised route data and simplifying assumptions that may not reflect local conditions. In particular, the need to reschedule vehicle operations to satisfy electric buses’ range and charging time constraints is commonly disregarded. We present a simulation tool based on discrete-event simulation to determine the vehicle, charging infrastructure, energy and staff demand required to electrify real-world bus networks. These results are then passed to a TCO model. A greedy scheduling algorithm is developed to plan vehicle schedules suitable for electric buses. Scheduling and simulation are coupled with a genetic algorithm to determine cost-optimised charging locations for opportunity charging. A case study is carried out in which we analyse the electrification of a metropolitan bus network consisting of 39 lines with 4748 passenger trips per day. The results generally favour opportunity charging over depot charging in terms of TCO; however, under some circumstances, the technologies are on par. This emphasises the need for a detailed analysis of the local bus network in order to make an informed procurement decision. |
topic |
electric bus bus network simulation scheduling charging infrastructure depot charging |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/11/3/56 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT dominicjefferies acomprehensivetcoevaluationmethodforelectricbussystemsbasedondiscreteeventsimulationincludingbusschedulingandcharginginfrastructureoptimisation AT dietmargohlich acomprehensivetcoevaluationmethodforelectricbussystemsbasedondiscreteeventsimulationincludingbusschedulingandcharginginfrastructureoptimisation AT dominicjefferies comprehensivetcoevaluationmethodforelectricbussystemsbasedondiscreteeventsimulationincludingbusschedulingandcharginginfrastructureoptimisation AT dietmargohlich comprehensivetcoevaluationmethodforelectricbussystemsbasedondiscreteeventsimulationincludingbusschedulingandcharginginfrastructureoptimisation |
_version_ |
1724485999844655104 |