Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions
Thinning is one of the most important tools of forest management, although thinning operations require the use of machines which ultimately cause damage to the remaining stand. The level of damage largely depends on the human factor, and a tired, less focused operator will create more injuries in th...
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doaj-cd9ca7366aa34c0ca7f572433d59f77b2020-11-25T03:18:28ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-07-011174374310.3390/f11070743Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand ConditionsMariusz Bembenek0Petros A. Tsioras1Zbigniew Karaszewski2Bogna Zawieja3Ewa Bakinowska4Piotr S. Mederski5Department of Forest Utilisation, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS), ul. Wojska Polskiego 71A, 60-625 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Harvesting and Technology Forest Products, Lab of Forest Utilisation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 227, 54-124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Wood Investigation and Application, Łukasiewicz Research Network Wood Technology Institute, ul. Winiarska 1, 60-654 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS), ul. Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, PolandInstitute of Mathematics, Poznań University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Forest Utilisation, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS), ul. Wojska Polskiego 71A, 60-625 Poznań, PolandThinning is one of the most important tools of forest management, although thinning operations require the use of machines which ultimately cause damage to the remaining stand. The level of damage largely depends on the human factor, and a tired, less focused operator will create more injuries in the forest. With this in mind, the objectives of this research were to find out whether the probability of tree damage caused by an operator is also affected by: (1) the part of the day (dawn/day/dusk/night), and (2) the cumulative shift time. The research was carried out in pure pine stands of different ages, density and thinning intensities. Sample plots were selected that had an increasing number of trees per hectare and growing thinning intensities were applied. The same Komatsu 931.1 harvester was used for the thinning operations in each stand. In all the age classes combined, 5.41% of the remaining trees were wounded. There was a significant influence of the part of the day on the percentage of damaged trees, which was positively correlated with the cumulative shift time. Stand conditions, such as age class and stand density, as well as thinning characteristics—thinning intensity, number of harvested trees and productivity—have different effects on the distribution of damage intensity and on probability. The results may improve the planning of operators’ work shifts in forests of various ages and densities, allowing harvester productivity to be maintained while at the same time inflicting the lowest possible level of damage.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/7/743optimisation of thinning operationday shiftnight shifttwilight zoneergonomicsScots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mariusz Bembenek Petros A. Tsioras Zbigniew Karaszewski Bogna Zawieja Ewa Bakinowska Piotr S. Mederski |
spellingShingle |
Mariusz Bembenek Petros A. Tsioras Zbigniew Karaszewski Bogna Zawieja Ewa Bakinowska Piotr S. Mederski Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions Forests optimisation of thinning operation day shift night shift twilight zone ergonomics Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) |
author_facet |
Mariusz Bembenek Petros A. Tsioras Zbigniew Karaszewski Bogna Zawieja Ewa Bakinowska Piotr S. Mederski |
author_sort |
Mariusz Bembenek |
title |
Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions |
title_short |
Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions |
title_full |
Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions |
title_fullStr |
Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effect of Day or Night and Cumulative Shift Time on the Frequency of Tree Damage during CTL Harvesting in Various Stand Conditions |
title_sort |
effect of day or night and cumulative shift time on the frequency of tree damage during ctl harvesting in various stand conditions |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Forests |
issn |
1999-4907 |
publishDate |
2020-07-01 |
description |
Thinning is one of the most important tools of forest management, although thinning operations require the use of machines which ultimately cause damage to the remaining stand. The level of damage largely depends on the human factor, and a tired, less focused operator will create more injuries in the forest. With this in mind, the objectives of this research were to find out whether the probability of tree damage caused by an operator is also affected by: (1) the part of the day (dawn/day/dusk/night), and (2) the cumulative shift time. The research was carried out in pure pine stands of different ages, density and thinning intensities. Sample plots were selected that had an increasing number of trees per hectare and growing thinning intensities were applied. The same Komatsu 931.1 harvester was used for the thinning operations in each stand. In all the age classes combined, 5.41% of the remaining trees were wounded. There was a significant influence of the part of the day on the percentage of damaged trees, which was positively correlated with the cumulative shift time. Stand conditions, such as age class and stand density, as well as thinning characteristics—thinning intensity, number of harvested trees and productivity—have different effects on the distribution of damage intensity and on probability. The results may improve the planning of operators’ work shifts in forests of various ages and densities, allowing harvester productivity to be maintained while at the same time inflicting the lowest possible level of damage. |
topic |
optimisation of thinning operation day shift night shift twilight zone ergonomics Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/7/743 |
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