Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i>
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate <i>Sporothrix</i> virulence in animal models are well...
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doaj-cdf3baf862d34d6da0b993e4048be8de2020-11-29T00:00:18ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2020-11-01632332310.3390/jof6040323Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i>Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez0Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo1Iván Martínez-Duncker2Laura C. García-Carnero3Luz A. López-Ramírez4Gustavo A. Niño-Vega5Héctor M. Mora-Montes6Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, MexicoLaboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, MexicoDepartamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate <i>Sporothrix</i> virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> to kill <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae, but not <i>S. globosa</i>. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the <i>S.</i><i>globosa</i> wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of <i>S.</i><i>globosa</i> or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/4/323sporotrichosislactate dehydrogenaseinvertebrate infection modelhemocytesphenoloxidaseglucan |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo Iván Martínez-Duncker Laura C. García-Carnero Luz A. López-Ramírez Gustavo A. Niño-Vega Héctor M. Mora-Montes |
spellingShingle |
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo Iván Martínez-Duncker Laura C. García-Carnero Luz A. López-Ramírez Gustavo A. Niño-Vega Héctor M. Mora-Montes Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> Journal of Fungi sporotrichosis lactate dehydrogenase invertebrate infection model hemocytes phenoloxidase glucan |
author_facet |
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo Iván Martínez-Duncker Laura C. García-Carnero Luz A. López-Ramírez Gustavo A. Niño-Vega Héctor M. Mora-Montes |
author_sort |
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez |
title |
Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> |
title_short |
Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> |
title_full |
Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> |
title_fullStr |
Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> |
title_full_unstemmed |
Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> |
title_sort |
influences of the culturing media in the virulence and cell wall of <i>sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>sporothrix globosa</i> |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Fungi |
issn |
2309-608X |
publishDate |
2020-11-01 |
description |
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Sporothrix globosa</i> are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate <i>Sporothrix</i> virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> to kill <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae, but not <i>S. globosa</i>. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the <i>S.</i><i>globosa</i> wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of <i>S.</i><i>globosa</i> or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation. |
topic |
sporotrichosis lactate dehydrogenase invertebrate infection model hemocytes phenoloxidase glucan |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/4/323 |
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