Deviation in âVis and RÄminâ by Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani

• Main Authors: Masoud Forouzandeh, Ali Mohmmadi Asiybadi, Amin Banitalebi
• Format: Article
• Language: fas
• Published: University of Isfahan 2016-09-01
• Series: Literary Arts
• Subjects: Vis and Rāmin; defamiliarization; Deviation; Syntactic Deviation; Phonological Deviation
• Online Access: http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_20583_b9abe608b866cbcb213834d9a3a2729c.pdf

Abstract Defamiliarization is an important term in the twenty-first century that was proposed by the Russian formalist Shklovsky for the first time. Defamilialization is directly related to foregrounding and is usually accompanied by sort of norm deviation. Poets and writers attempt to find a personal, distinguished and individual language in artistic and literal works. Therefore, they attempt to defamiliarize the language. The poet defamiliarizes the words, linguistic elements. Etc. through his/her poetic style and, on the other hand, and defamiliarization refers to any type of language use (from semantics to sentence structure) in which current norms are not observed. Accordingly, based on Leech’s theory, every norm deviation in poetry plays an important role and, in particular, syntactic and phonetic norm deviation are the most important ones in Vis and Ramin since these two norm deviations have much freedom and diversity in word exchanging and phonetic changes on side of rhythm necessity and rhetorical purposes. The most difficult sort of defamilialization is the one that occurs in the area of syntactic; since, on one hand, the syntactic potential, option and selection of every language are limited and, on the other hand, the syntactic area is the most diversified area in language and the poet can exchange the components of a sentence in his/her poet to deviate the syntactic norms and to distinguish his/her language from the normal language. Therefore, changing the usual order of words would change the way of thinking. In fact, when the order of wording is based on the natural syntax of language the view point of writer/speaker is neutral. But when one of the components of a sentence is displaced, in fact, the position of that component has been changed in the mind of speaker, and also, any kind of arrangement indicates a different meaning and attitude.  By studying the poem “Vis and Ramin” the special and frequent characteristics used by Fakhroddin such as anagram combination participles, displacement of personal bound pronouns which is usually applied to meet some special rhetorical purposes like stressing on a particular part of speech can be perceived. First of all, a great deal of poet’s syntactic norm deviation is influenced by external and peripheral music. Secondly, since the content is rhetorical and emotion and feelings are the dominant elements in the story, the sentences have been expressed succinct and more artistic. Here, the poet exerts norm deviation by exchanging the elements of sentence and inducing his feeling to the words and also, according to the element of language economy, he attempts to accentuate and foregrounds the intended content by exchanging a word or a particular phrase. Wide usage of anagram combination participles in Fakhroddin is important and since the adjective describes a noun it can indicate the poet’s attitude and judgment on the content. Moreover, keeping in mind that Fakhroddin’s style is metaphorical, he has used these participles to foregrounds the details and, also, has emphasized the proper adjectives to find referent for abstract concepts and to elaborate the topic further. In phonetic norm deviation, the poet deviates the common phonetic structures in the normal language and applies a phonetic form that is not common in the normal language. In this norm deviation, the poet has a great opportunity to capture the reader’s attention and to astonish him/her. When the structure of the poem makes it necessary, Fakhroddin Gorgani deletes a letter of a word and makes it as a contraction or adds a letter to the word to observe rhythm and syllabic balance. Moreover, since Fakhroddin is aware of the external and internal music and applies it widely, the vowels and consonants are contracted to enhance the rhythm and attraction and, whenever there is a referent to bitter experience of his love the tone and rhythm of the vowels and consonants are elongated. It can be said that applying of contractions and accentuation of words is high in Vis and Ramin since its content is lyric. Fakhroddin, at times, by observing the prosodic rhythm, attempts to accelerate the narration of story and sometimes, elaborates the events and conversations and places the words in sentence rhythm and combination adeptly to arouse the reader’s emotions and imagination and help him/her enjoy the artistic elements of the story more effectively. It should be said that one of the signs of oldness of the poems like Vis and Ramin is negligence in observing the prosodic rhythm.  In lexical norm deviation, the poet is able to create new words and to foreground. These words, absolutely, have sings because in a linguistic system, they have been never used in these forms. Therefore, it can be said that, after semantic norm deviation, lexical norm deviation is the most efficient way in composing poems. Lexical norm deviation is divided into two categories in Vis and Ramin: one category contains the prefixes and suffixes which are added to the words and the other contains words combinations and collocations. In temporal norm deviation, the poet is able to apply the words and structures that are not usual in the normal language at the present time. These word and structures are considered to be the units that have been usual in the past and then have been abolished. These kinds of norm deviations are called “archaism”. In Vis and Ramin, numerous words have been adopted from ancient and Pahlavi languages. Therefore, the criterion for selecting and distinguishing the unusual words is their transferring from Pahlavi language and applying them in Vis and Ramin. Since the source and origin of the story of Vis and Ramin is rooted in Pahlavi language, Fakhroddin has applied numerous words that have been related to this language or have been old and obsolete. In dialectic norm deviation, the poet uses the words and structures of a dialect outside of the normal language.  Finally, from among all the norm deviations proposed by Leech, temporal, style, written, lexical and, particularly, semantic norm deviations are the ones that can be considered norm deviations to compose poems. It should be said that there were no evidence to indicate the existence of written and style norm deviations in Vis and Ramin. Totally, by analyzing the verses order of occurrence of norm deviations in Vis and Ramin is as follow: syntactic, phonetic, semantic, lexical, temporal and dialectic norm deviations. It is worth mentioning that the poet has observed the elements of conductivity and aesthetic in applying norm deviations.