Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System
Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and recent insi...
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doaj-d05aa8da7d244bc0ba673df0f24ca93c2020-12-29T00:01:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-12-012220720710.3390/ijms22010207Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune SystemNicolaj S. Bischoff0Theo M. de Kok1Dick T.H.M. Sijm2Simone G. van Breda3Jacco J. Briedé4Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller5Antoon Opperhuizen6Yolanda I. Chirino7Hubert Dirven8David Gott9Eric Houdeau10Agnes G. Oomen11Morten Poulsen12Gerhard Rogler13Henk van Loveren14Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsNetherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The NetherlandsNetherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The NetherlandsUnidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico City 54090, MexicoNorwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, NorwayFood Standard Agency, London SW1H9EX, UKFrench National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), 75338 Paris, FranceNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The NetherlandsNational Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, SwitzerlandNetherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The NetherlandsTitanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and recent insights into its potentially hazardous properties, there are concerns about its application in commercially available products. Especially the nano-sized particle fraction (<100 nm) of TiO<sub>2</sub> warrants a more detailed evaluation of potential adverse health effects after ingestion. A workshop organized by the Dutch Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRO) identified uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the gastrointestinal absorption of TiO<sub>2</sub>, its distribution, the potential for accumulation, and induction of adverse health effects such as inflammation, DNA damage, and tumor promotion. This review aims to identify and evaluate recent toxicological studies on food-grade TiO<sub>2</sub> and nano-sized TiO<sub>2</sub> in ex-vivo, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments along the gastrointestinal route, and to postulate an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) following ingestion. Additionally, this review summarizes recommendations and outcomes of the expert meeting held by the BuRO in 2018, in order to contribute to the hazard identification and risk assessment process of ingested TiO<sub>2</sub>.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/207titanium dioxideTiO<sub>2</sub>E171food additivefood safetynanomaterial |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Nicolaj S. Bischoff Theo M. de Kok Dick T.H.M. Sijm Simone G. van Breda Jacco J. Briedé Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller Antoon Opperhuizen Yolanda I. Chirino Hubert Dirven David Gott Eric Houdeau Agnes G. Oomen Morten Poulsen Gerhard Rogler Henk van Loveren |
spellingShingle |
Nicolaj S. Bischoff Theo M. de Kok Dick T.H.M. Sijm Simone G. van Breda Jacco J. Briedé Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller Antoon Opperhuizen Yolanda I. Chirino Hubert Dirven David Gott Eric Houdeau Agnes G. Oomen Morten Poulsen Gerhard Rogler Henk van Loveren Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System International Journal of Molecular Sciences titanium dioxide TiO<sub>2</sub> E171 food additive food safety nanomaterial |
author_facet |
Nicolaj S. Bischoff Theo M. de Kok Dick T.H.M. Sijm Simone G. van Breda Jacco J. Briedé Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller Antoon Opperhuizen Yolanda I. Chirino Hubert Dirven David Gott Eric Houdeau Agnes G. Oomen Morten Poulsen Gerhard Rogler Henk van Loveren |
author_sort |
Nicolaj S. Bischoff |
title |
Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System |
title_short |
Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System |
title_full |
Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System |
title_fullStr |
Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System |
title_full_unstemmed |
Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System |
title_sort |
possible adverse effects of food additive e171 (titanium dioxide) related to particle specific human toxicity, including the immune system |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1661-6596 1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2021-12-01 |
description |
Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and recent insights into its potentially hazardous properties, there are concerns about its application in commercially available products. Especially the nano-sized particle fraction (<100 nm) of TiO<sub>2</sub> warrants a more detailed evaluation of potential adverse health effects after ingestion. A workshop organized by the Dutch Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRO) identified uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the gastrointestinal absorption of TiO<sub>2</sub>, its distribution, the potential for accumulation, and induction of adverse health effects such as inflammation, DNA damage, and tumor promotion. This review aims to identify and evaluate recent toxicological studies on food-grade TiO<sub>2</sub> and nano-sized TiO<sub>2</sub> in ex-vivo, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments along the gastrointestinal route, and to postulate an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) following ingestion. Additionally, this review summarizes recommendations and outcomes of the expert meeting held by the BuRO in 2018, in order to contribute to the hazard identification and risk assessment process of ingested TiO<sub>2</sub>. |
topic |
titanium dioxide TiO<sub>2</sub> E171 food additive food safety nanomaterial |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/207 |
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