A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i>
<i>Background:</i> The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIG) has become very common. Consequently, critical analysis of the biological effects of ECIG aerosol deserves attention. Flavorless ECIG aerosol is known to comprise fewer harmful constituents than cigarette smoke. Therefore, we hyp...
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doaj-d1a3b1557af34979b9317ea6227f68f02020-11-24T21:28:00ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012019-05-011610166910.3390/ijerph16101669ijerph16101669A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i>Giancarlo A. Cuadra0Maxwell T. Smith1John M. Nelson2Emma K. Loh3Dominic L. Palazzolo4Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USADepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USADepartment of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USADepartment of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USADepartment of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA<i>Background:</i> The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIG) has become very common. Consequently, critical analysis of the biological effects of ECIG aerosol deserves attention. Flavorless ECIG aerosol is known to comprise fewer harmful constituents than cigarette smoke. Therefore, we hypothesize that aerosol has less immediate effect on the viability of oral commensal <i>streptococci</i> than smoke. <i>Methods:</i> Survival and growth of four strains of commensal <i>streptococci</i> were measured after exposure to flavorless ECIG aerosol ± nicotine and smoke. Peristaltic pumps were used to transport aerosol or smoke into chambers containing recently seeded colony-forming units (CFUs) of the oral commensal <i>streptococci</i> on agar plates. Bacterial survival and growth, based on colony counts and sizes, were determined 24 h post-exposure. Additionally, aerosol or smoke were delivered into chambers containing pre-adhered <i>streptococci</i> to plastic coverslips and biofilm formation was determined 24 h post-exposure via scanning electron microscopy. <i>Results:</i> The results suggest that flavorless aerosol ± nicotine has a modest effect on bacterial growth both as colonies on agar and as biofilms. In contrast, smoke dramatically decreased bacterial survival and growth in all parameters measured. <i>Conclusion:</i> Unlike cigarette smoke, flavorless ECIG aerosol has only a small effect on the survival and growth of oral commensal <i>streptococci</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/10/1669ECIGE-liquidvapingsmokingaerosol<i>streptococci</i>oral commensal bacteria |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Giancarlo A. Cuadra Maxwell T. Smith John M. Nelson Emma K. Loh Dominic L. Palazzolo |
spellingShingle |
Giancarlo A. Cuadra Maxwell T. Smith John M. Nelson Emma K. Loh Dominic L. Palazzolo A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ECIG E-liquid vaping smoking aerosol <i>streptococci</i> oral commensal bacteria |
author_facet |
Giancarlo A. Cuadra Maxwell T. Smith John M. Nelson Emma K. Loh Dominic L. Palazzolo |
author_sort |
Giancarlo A. Cuadra |
title |
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> |
title_short |
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> |
title_full |
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> |
title_fullStr |
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral Commensal <i>Streptococci</i> |
title_sort |
comparison of flavorless electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and conventional cigarette smoke on the survival and growth of common oral commensal <i>streptococci</i> |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
issn |
1660-4601 |
publishDate |
2019-05-01 |
description |
<i>Background:</i> The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIG) has become very common. Consequently, critical analysis of the biological effects of ECIG aerosol deserves attention. Flavorless ECIG aerosol is known to comprise fewer harmful constituents than cigarette smoke. Therefore, we hypothesize that aerosol has less immediate effect on the viability of oral commensal <i>streptococci</i> than smoke. <i>Methods:</i> Survival and growth of four strains of commensal <i>streptococci</i> were measured after exposure to flavorless ECIG aerosol ± nicotine and smoke. Peristaltic pumps were used to transport aerosol or smoke into chambers containing recently seeded colony-forming units (CFUs) of the oral commensal <i>streptococci</i> on agar plates. Bacterial survival and growth, based on colony counts and sizes, were determined 24 h post-exposure. Additionally, aerosol or smoke were delivered into chambers containing pre-adhered <i>streptococci</i> to plastic coverslips and biofilm formation was determined 24 h post-exposure via scanning electron microscopy. <i>Results:</i> The results suggest that flavorless aerosol ± nicotine has a modest effect on bacterial growth both as colonies on agar and as biofilms. In contrast, smoke dramatically decreased bacterial survival and growth in all parameters measured. <i>Conclusion:</i> Unlike cigarette smoke, flavorless ECIG aerosol has only a small effect on the survival and growth of oral commensal <i>streptococci</i>. |
topic |
ECIG E-liquid vaping smoking aerosol <i>streptococci</i> oral commensal bacteria |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/10/1669 |
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