Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
The conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Schrank) emerged as an important pest of conifers in the Kelardasht region of Mazandaran province, Iran, in the late 1990's. This pest feeds on conifer needles and twigs causing needle drop and branch desiccation. Its discovery in Kelardasht in Maza...
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Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science
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doaj-d305aea9739c4ce9b1a9915026d298682021-04-16T20:34:54ZengInstitute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of ScienceEuropean Journal of Entomology1210-57591802-88292011-01-011081798510.14411/eje.2011.010eje-201101-0010Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)Arash RASEKH0J.P. MICHAUD1Hassan BARIMANI VARANDI2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranKansas State University, Agricultural Research Center - Hays, 1232 240th Ave, Hays, KS 67601, USA; e-mail: jpmi@ksu.eduDepartment of Natural Resources, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Mazandaran, Sari, IranThe conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Schrank) emerged as an important pest of conifers in the Kelardasht region of Mazandaran province, Iran, in the late 1990's. This pest feeds on conifer needles and twigs causing needle drop and branch desiccation. Its discovery in Kelardasht in Mazandaran Province necessitated a local quarantine of conifers in the genera Picea, Abies, and Pinus. We studied the life history and ecology of this scale on Norway spruce, Picea abies, under laboratory and natural field conditions. The complete life cycle of females required 206.4 ± 5.7 days in the laboratory (25 ± 1°C, 65-75% RH, 14L : 10D) and 315.7 ± 9.3 days under field conditions. In Kelardasht, numbers of adult males and females peaked in mid-June and early May, respectively, and numbers of first and second instar nymphs in mid-July and early September. Lifetime fecundity was estimated to be 57.3 ± 5.1 eggs and 54.0 ± 4.4 nymphs per female under laboratory conditions. The sex ratio ranged from 59% female for second instar nymphs to 71% female for adults. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was found naturally parasitizing the scale and overwintering in the larval stage on second instar nymphs. First generation adult wasps emerged in spring from overwintered second instar nymphs to parasitize 64.75% of first instar scales. Second generation wasps emerged from early September to mid-October and parasitized 19.75% of second instar scales, for a cumulative parasitism rate of 84.5%.https://www.eje.cz/artkey/eje-201101-0010_Biology_of_the_conifer_needle_scale_Nuculaspis_abietis_Hemiptera_Diaspididae_in_northern_Iran_and_parasiti.phpnuculaspis abietisdiaspididaehemipteraaspidiotiphagus citrinusaphelinidaehymenopterapicea abiesnorway sprucedevelopmenthost rangeparasitismiran |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
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DOAJ |
author |
Arash RASEKH J.P. MICHAUD Hassan BARIMANI VARANDI |
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Arash RASEKH J.P. MICHAUD Hassan BARIMANI VARANDI Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) European Journal of Entomology nuculaspis abietis diaspididae hemiptera aspidiotiphagus citrinus aphelinidae hymenoptera picea abies norway spruce development host range parasitism iran |
author_facet |
Arash RASEKH J.P. MICHAUD Hassan BARIMANI VARANDI |
author_sort |
Arash RASEKH |
title |
Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
title_short |
Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
title_full |
Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
title_fullStr |
Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
title_sort |
biology of the conifer needle scale, nuculaspis abietis (hemiptera: diaspididae), in northern iran and parasitism by aspidiotiphagus citrinus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) |
publisher |
Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science |
series |
European Journal of Entomology |
issn |
1210-5759 1802-8829 |
publishDate |
2011-01-01 |
description |
The conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Schrank) emerged as an important pest of conifers in the Kelardasht region of Mazandaran province, Iran, in the late 1990's. This pest feeds on conifer needles and twigs causing needle drop and branch desiccation. Its discovery in Kelardasht in Mazandaran Province necessitated a local quarantine of conifers in the genera Picea, Abies, and Pinus. We studied the life history and ecology of this scale on Norway spruce, Picea abies, under laboratory and natural field conditions. The complete life cycle of females required 206.4 ± 5.7 days in the laboratory (25 ± 1°C, 65-75% RH, 14L : 10D) and 315.7 ± 9.3 days under field conditions. In Kelardasht, numbers of adult males and females peaked in mid-June and early May, respectively, and numbers of first and second instar nymphs in mid-July and early September. Lifetime fecundity was estimated to be 57.3 ± 5.1 eggs and 54.0 ± 4.4 nymphs per female under laboratory conditions. The sex ratio ranged from 59% female for second instar nymphs to 71% female for adults. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was found naturally parasitizing the scale and overwintering in the larval stage on second instar nymphs. First generation adult wasps emerged in spring from overwintered second instar nymphs to parasitize 64.75% of first instar scales. Second generation wasps emerged from early September to mid-October and parasitized 19.75% of second instar scales, for a cumulative parasitism rate of 84.5%. |
topic |
nuculaspis abietis diaspididae hemiptera aspidiotiphagus citrinus aphelinidae hymenoptera picea abies norway spruce development host range parasitism iran |
url |
https://www.eje.cz/artkey/eje-201101-0010_Biology_of_the_conifer_needle_scale_Nuculaspis_abietis_Hemiptera_Diaspididae_in_northern_Iran_and_parasiti.php |
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