Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater
Groundwater at trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated sites lacks electron donors, which prolongs TCE’s natural attenuation process and delays treatment. Although adding electron donors, such as emulsified oil, accelerates TCE degradation, it also causes the accumulation of hazardous metabolites such...
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doaj-d38feca7dd4b494a8806a2844301effb2021-09-25T23:39:31ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-09-01118374837410.3390/app11188374Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in GroundwaterMin-Hsin Liu0Chung-Ming Hsiao1Chih-En Lin2Jim Leu3Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, TaiwanDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, TaiwanClean EnviroEngineering Technology Co., Ltd., Xitun District, Taichung 407608, TaiwanClean EnviroEngineering Technology Co., Ltd., Xitun District, Taichung 407608, TaiwanGroundwater at trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated sites lacks electron donors, which prolongs TCE’s natural attenuation process and delays treatment. Although adding electron donors, such as emulsified oil, accelerates TCE degradation, it also causes the accumulation of hazardous metabolites such as dichloroethylene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). This study combined in situ chemical reduction using organo-iron compounds with enhanced in situ bioremediation using emulsified oil to accelerate TCE removal and minimize the accumulation of DCE and VC in groundwater. A self-made soybean oil emulsion (SOE) was used as the electron donor and was added to liquid ferrous lactate (FL), the chemical reductant. The combined in situ chemical reduction and enhanced in situ bioremediation achieved favorable results in a laboratory microcosm test and in an in situ biological field pilot test. Both tests revealed that SOE+FL accelerated TCE degradation and minimized the accumulation of DCE and VC to a greater extent than SOE alone after 160 days of observation. When FL was added in the microcosm test, the pH value decreased from 6.0 to 5.5; however, during the in situ biological pilot test, the on-site groundwater pH value did not exhibit obvious changes. Given the geology of the in situ pilot test site, the SOE+FL solution that was injected underground continued to be released for at least 90 days, suggesting that the solution’s radius of influence was at least 5 m.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8374ferrous lactatein situ chemical reductionbioremediationtrichloroethylene (TCE)green and sustainable remediation (GSR) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Min-Hsin Liu Chung-Ming Hsiao Chih-En Lin Jim Leu |
spellingShingle |
Min-Hsin Liu Chung-Ming Hsiao Chih-En Lin Jim Leu Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater Applied Sciences ferrous lactate in situ chemical reduction bioremediation trichloroethylene (TCE) green and sustainable remediation (GSR) |
author_facet |
Min-Hsin Liu Chung-Ming Hsiao Chih-En Lin Jim Leu |
author_sort |
Min-Hsin Liu |
title |
Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater |
title_short |
Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater |
title_full |
Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater |
title_fullStr |
Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of Combined In Situ Chemical Reduction and Enhanced Bioremediation to Accelerate TCE Treatment in Groundwater |
title_sort |
application of combined in situ chemical reduction and enhanced bioremediation to accelerate tce treatment in groundwater |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Applied Sciences |
issn |
2076-3417 |
publishDate |
2021-09-01 |
description |
Groundwater at trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated sites lacks electron donors, which prolongs TCE’s natural attenuation process and delays treatment. Although adding electron donors, such as emulsified oil, accelerates TCE degradation, it also causes the accumulation of hazardous metabolites such as dichloroethylene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). This study combined in situ chemical reduction using organo-iron compounds with enhanced in situ bioremediation using emulsified oil to accelerate TCE removal and minimize the accumulation of DCE and VC in groundwater. A self-made soybean oil emulsion (SOE) was used as the electron donor and was added to liquid ferrous lactate (FL), the chemical reductant. The combined in situ chemical reduction and enhanced in situ bioremediation achieved favorable results in a laboratory microcosm test and in an in situ biological field pilot test. Both tests revealed that SOE+FL accelerated TCE degradation and minimized the accumulation of DCE and VC to a greater extent than SOE alone after 160 days of observation. When FL was added in the microcosm test, the pH value decreased from 6.0 to 5.5; however, during the in situ biological pilot test, the on-site groundwater pH value did not exhibit obvious changes. Given the geology of the in situ pilot test site, the SOE+FL solution that was injected underground continued to be released for at least 90 days, suggesting that the solution’s radius of influence was at least 5 m. |
topic |
ferrous lactate in situ chemical reduction bioremediation trichloroethylene (TCE) green and sustainable remediation (GSR) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8374 |
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