The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants
Livestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH<sub>4</sub> with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) arising...
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doaj-d7a6909c4648431f9d7aabb5b10e14da2020-11-25T01:55:55ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152019-11-0191194210.3390/ani9110942ani9110942The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in RuminantsRafael Jiménez-Ocampo0Sara Valencia-Salazar1Carmen Elisa Pinzón-Díaz2Esperanza Herrera-Torres3Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez4Jacobo Arango5Juan Carlos Ku-Vera6Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimna, C.P. 97100 Merida, Yucatan, MexicoCollege of the Southern Border (ECOSUR), Livestock and Environment, Carretera Panamericana—Periferico Sur, C.P. 29290 San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, MexicoFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Juarez University of Durango, Carr Durango—Mezquital km 11.5, C.P. 34307 Durango, MexicoFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Juarez University of Durango, Carr Durango—Mezquital km 11.5, C.P. 34307 Durango, MexicoFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimna, C.P. 97100 Merida, Yucatan, MexicoInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Palmira C.P. 763537 Valle del Cauca, ColombiaFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimna, C.P. 97100 Merida, Yucatan, MexicoLivestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH<sub>4</sub> with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) arising from enteric fermentation or from manure management, respectively. In fact, CH<sub>4</sub> is the second most important GHG emitted globally. This current scenario has increased the concerns about global warming and encouraged the development of intensive research on different natural compounds to be used as feed additives in ruminant rations and modify the rumen ecosystem, fermentation pattern, and mitigate enteric CH<sub>4</sub>. The compounds most studied are the secondary metabolites of plants, which include a vast array of chemical substances like polyphenols and saponins that are present in plant tissues of different species, but the results are not consistent, and the extraction cost has constrained their utilization in practical animal feeding. Other new compounds of interest include polysaccharide biopolymers such as chitosan, mainly obtained as a marine co-product. As with other compounds, the effect of chitosan on the rumen microbial population depends on the source, purity, dose, process of extraction, and storage. In addition, it is important to identify compounds without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. The present review is aimed at providing information about chitosan for dietary manipulation to be considered for future studies to mitigate enteric methane and reduce the environmental impact of GHGs arising from livestock production systems. Chitosan is a promising agent with methane mitigating effects, but further research is required with in vivo models to establish effective daily doses without any detrimental effect to the animal and consider its addition in practical rations as well as the economic cost of methane mitigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/11/942ruminantchitosanfermentation patternpropionic acidmethane |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo Sara Valencia-Salazar Carmen Elisa Pinzón-Díaz Esperanza Herrera-Torres Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez Jacobo Arango Juan Carlos Ku-Vera |
spellingShingle |
Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo Sara Valencia-Salazar Carmen Elisa Pinzón-Díaz Esperanza Herrera-Torres Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez Jacobo Arango Juan Carlos Ku-Vera The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants Animals ruminant chitosan fermentation pattern propionic acid methane |
author_facet |
Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo Sara Valencia-Salazar Carmen Elisa Pinzón-Díaz Esperanza Herrera-Torres Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez Jacobo Arango Juan Carlos Ku-Vera |
author_sort |
Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo |
title |
The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants |
title_short |
The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants |
title_full |
The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants |
title_fullStr |
The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants |
title_sort |
role of chitosan as a possible agent for enteric methane mitigation in ruminants |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Animals |
issn |
2076-2615 |
publishDate |
2019-11-01 |
description |
Livestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH<sub>4</sub> with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) arising from enteric fermentation or from manure management, respectively. In fact, CH<sub>4</sub> is the second most important GHG emitted globally. This current scenario has increased the concerns about global warming and encouraged the development of intensive research on different natural compounds to be used as feed additives in ruminant rations and modify the rumen ecosystem, fermentation pattern, and mitigate enteric CH<sub>4</sub>. The compounds most studied are the secondary metabolites of plants, which include a vast array of chemical substances like polyphenols and saponins that are present in plant tissues of different species, but the results are not consistent, and the extraction cost has constrained their utilization in practical animal feeding. Other new compounds of interest include polysaccharide biopolymers such as chitosan, mainly obtained as a marine co-product. As with other compounds, the effect of chitosan on the rumen microbial population depends on the source, purity, dose, process of extraction, and storage. In addition, it is important to identify compounds without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. The present review is aimed at providing information about chitosan for dietary manipulation to be considered for future studies to mitigate enteric methane and reduce the environmental impact of GHGs arising from livestock production systems. Chitosan is a promising agent with methane mitigating effects, but further research is required with in vivo models to establish effective daily doses without any detrimental effect to the animal and consider its addition in practical rations as well as the economic cost of methane mitigation. |
topic |
ruminant chitosan fermentation pattern propionic acid methane |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/11/942 |
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