The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production
Algal biofuels are investigated as a promising alternative to petroleum fuel sources to satisfy transportation demand. Despite the high growth rate of algae, predation by rotifers, ciliates, golden algae, and other predators will cause an algae in open ponds to crash. In this study, Chlorella kessle...
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doaj-d7a7d36b1fb34758a34f0b13252fb7592020-11-24T23:43:17ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672015-11-011611274502745610.3390/ijms161126035ijms161126035The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel ProductionChunyan Xu0Kangyan Wu1Steve W. Van Ginkel2Thomas Igou3Hwa Jong Lee4Aditya Bhargava5Rachel Johnston6Terry Snell7Yongsheng Chen8School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 201 Cherry-Emerson, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 201 Cherry-Emerson, Atlanta, GA 30313, USASchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30313, USAAlgal biofuels are investigated as a promising alternative to petroleum fuel sources to satisfy transportation demand. Despite the high growth rate of algae, predation by rotifers, ciliates, golden algae, and other predators will cause an algae in open ponds to crash. In this study, Chlorella kessleri was used as a model alga and the freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, as a model predator. The goal of this study was to test the selective toxicity of the chemical, quinine sulfate (QS), on both the alga and the rotifer in order to fully inhibit the rotifer while minimizing its impact on algal growth. The QS LC50 for B. calyciflorus was 17 µM while C. kessleri growth was not inhibited at concentrations <25 µM. In co-culture, complete inhibition of rotifers was observed when the QS concentration was 7.7 µM, while algal growth was not affected. QS applications to produce 1 million gallons of biodiesel in one year are estimated to be $0.04/gallon or ~1% of Bioenergy Technologies Office’s (BETO) projected cost of $5/gge (gallon gasoline equivalent). This provides algae farmers an important tool to manage grazing predators in algae mass cultures and avoid pond crashes.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/11/26035biodiesel productionalgae pond crashtoxicityquinine sulfaterotifer |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Chunyan Xu Kangyan Wu Steve W. Van Ginkel Thomas Igou Hwa Jong Lee Aditya Bhargava Rachel Johnston Terry Snell Yongsheng Chen |
spellingShingle |
Chunyan Xu Kangyan Wu Steve W. Van Ginkel Thomas Igou Hwa Jong Lee Aditya Bhargava Rachel Johnston Terry Snell Yongsheng Chen The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production International Journal of Molecular Sciences biodiesel production algae pond crash toxicity quinine sulfate rotifer |
author_facet |
Chunyan Xu Kangyan Wu Steve W. Van Ginkel Thomas Igou Hwa Jong Lee Aditya Bhargava Rachel Johnston Terry Snell Yongsheng Chen |
author_sort |
Chunyan Xu |
title |
The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production |
title_short |
The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production |
title_full |
The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production |
title_fullStr |
The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Use of the Schizonticidal Agent Quinine Sulfate to Prevent Pond Crashes for Algal-Biofuel Production |
title_sort |
use of the schizonticidal agent quinine sulfate to prevent pond crashes for algal-biofuel production |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2015-11-01 |
description |
Algal biofuels are investigated as a promising alternative to petroleum fuel sources to satisfy transportation demand. Despite the high growth rate of algae, predation by rotifers, ciliates, golden algae, and other predators will cause an algae in open ponds to crash. In this study, Chlorella kessleri was used as a model alga and the freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, as a model predator. The goal of this study was to test the selective toxicity of the chemical, quinine sulfate (QS), on both the alga and the rotifer in order to fully inhibit the rotifer while minimizing its impact on algal growth. The QS LC50 for B. calyciflorus was 17 µM while C. kessleri growth was not inhibited at concentrations <25 µM. In co-culture, complete inhibition of rotifers was observed when the QS concentration was 7.7 µM, while algal growth was not affected. QS applications to produce 1 million gallons of biodiesel in one year are estimated to be $0.04/gallon or ~1% of Bioenergy Technologies Office’s (BETO) projected cost of $5/gge (gallon gasoline equivalent). This provides algae farmers an important tool to manage grazing predators in algae mass cultures and avoid pond crashes. |
topic |
biodiesel production algae pond crash toxicity quinine sulfate rotifer |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/11/26035 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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