Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos
The early embryonic heart is a multi-layered tube consisting of (1) an outer myocardial tube; (2) an inner endocardial tube; and (3) an extracellular matrix layer interposed between the myocardium and endocardium, called “cardiac jelly” (CJ). During the past decades, research on CJ has mainly focuse...
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doaj-d7f1d5413a0f46b29d949602b2c5f7b72020-11-24T23:47:27ZengMDPI AGJournal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease2308-34252019-02-01611210.3390/jcdd6010012jcdd6010012Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate EmbryosJörg Männer0Talat Mesud Männer1Group Cardio-Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology UMG, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, GermanyDepartment of Cardiac Sciences, King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi ArabiaThe early embryonic heart is a multi-layered tube consisting of (1) an outer myocardial tube; (2) an inner endocardial tube; and (3) an extracellular matrix layer interposed between the myocardium and endocardium, called “cardiac jelly” (CJ). During the past decades, research on CJ has mainly focused on its molecular and cellular biological aspects. This review focuses on the morphological and biomechanical aspects of CJ. Special attention is given to (1) the spatial distribution and fiber architecture of CJ; (2) the morphological dynamics of CJ during the cardiac cycle; and (3) the removal/remodeling of CJ during advanced heart looping stages, which leads to the formation of ventricular trabeculations and endocardial cushions. CJ acts as a hydraulic skeleton, displaying striking structural and functional similarities with the mesoglea of jellyfish. CJ not only represents a filler substance, facilitating end-systolic occlusion of the embryonic heart lumen. Its elastic components antagonize the systolic deformations of the heart wall and thereby power the refilling phase of the ventricular tube. Non-uniform spatial distribution of CJ generates non-circular cross sections of the opened endocardial tube (initially elliptic, later deltoid), which seem to be advantageous for valveless pumping. Endocardial cushions/ridges are cellularized remnants of non-removed CJ.https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/6/1/12embryonic heart tubeextracellular matrixcardiac jellyhydraulic skeletonheart skeletonvalveless pumpingblood flownon-circular cross sectionsballooningtrabeculation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Jörg Männer Talat Mesud Männer |
spellingShingle |
Jörg Männer Talat Mesud Männer Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease embryonic heart tube extracellular matrix cardiac jelly hydraulic skeleton heart skeleton valveless pumping blood flow non-circular cross sections ballooning trabeculation |
author_facet |
Jörg Männer Talat Mesud Männer |
author_sort |
Jörg Männer |
title |
Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos |
title_short |
Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos |
title_full |
Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos |
title_fullStr |
Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos |
title_full_unstemmed |
Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos |
title_sort |
functional morphology of the cardiac jelly in the tubular heart of vertebrate embryos |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
issn |
2308-3425 |
publishDate |
2019-02-01 |
description |
The early embryonic heart is a multi-layered tube consisting of (1) an outer myocardial tube; (2) an inner endocardial tube; and (3) an extracellular matrix layer interposed between the myocardium and endocardium, called “cardiac jelly” (CJ). During the past decades, research on CJ has mainly focused on its molecular and cellular biological aspects. This review focuses on the morphological and biomechanical aspects of CJ. Special attention is given to (1) the spatial distribution and fiber architecture of CJ; (2) the morphological dynamics of CJ during the cardiac cycle; and (3) the removal/remodeling of CJ during advanced heart looping stages, which leads to the formation of ventricular trabeculations and endocardial cushions. CJ acts as a hydraulic skeleton, displaying striking structural and functional similarities with the mesoglea of jellyfish. CJ not only represents a filler substance, facilitating end-systolic occlusion of the embryonic heart lumen. Its elastic components antagonize the systolic deformations of the heart wall and thereby power the refilling phase of the ventricular tube. Non-uniform spatial distribution of CJ generates non-circular cross sections of the opened endocardial tube (initially elliptic, later deltoid), which seem to be advantageous for valveless pumping. Endocardial cushions/ridges are cellularized remnants of non-removed CJ. |
topic |
embryonic heart tube extracellular matrix cardiac jelly hydraulic skeleton heart skeleton valveless pumping blood flow non-circular cross sections ballooning trabeculation |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/6/1/12 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT jorgmanner functionalmorphologyofthecardiacjellyinthetubularheartofvertebrateembryos AT talatmesudmanner functionalmorphologyofthecardiacjellyinthetubularheartofvertebrateembryos |
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