A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan.
A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection on commercial poultry farms in 16 districts of Punjab, and 1 administrative unit of Pakistan. One hundred and thirty-three laboratory confirmed positive case farms were matched on the d...
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2015-01-01
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doaj-d882f5aa90224f9b958b993e061a70772020-11-24T21:48:25ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032015-01-01103e011901910.1371/journal.pone.0119019A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan.Mamoona ChaudhryHamad B RashidMichael ThrusfieldSue WelburnBarend MdeC BronsvoortA 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection on commercial poultry farms in 16 districts of Punjab, and 1 administrative unit of Pakistan. One hundred and thirty-three laboratory confirmed positive case farms were matched on the date of sample submission with 133 negative control farms. The association between a series of farm-level characteristics and the presence or absence of H9N2 was assessed by univariable analysis. Characteristics associated with H9N2 risk that passed the initial screening were included in a multivariable conditional logistic regression model. Manual and automated approaches were used, which produced similar models. Key risk factors from all approaches included selling of eggs/birds directly to live bird retail stalls, being near case/infected farms, a previous history of infectious bursal disease (IBD) on the farm and having cover on the water storage tanks. The findings of current study are in line with results of many other studies conducted in various countries to identify similar risk factors for AI subtype H9N2 infection. Enhancing protective measures and controlling risks identified in this study could reduce spread of AI subtype H9N2 and other AI viruses between poultry farms in Pakistan.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4361405?pdf=render |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad B Rashid Michael Thrusfield Sue Welburn Barend MdeC Bronsvoort |
spellingShingle |
Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad B Rashid Michael Thrusfield Sue Welburn Barend MdeC Bronsvoort A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. PLoS ONE |
author_facet |
Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad B Rashid Michael Thrusfield Sue Welburn Barend MdeC Bronsvoort |
author_sort |
Mamoona Chaudhry |
title |
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. |
title_short |
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. |
title_full |
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. |
title_fullStr |
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. |
title_full_unstemmed |
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype H9N2 on commercial poultry farms in Pakistan. |
title_sort |
case-control study to identify risk factors associated with avian influenza subtype h9n2 on commercial poultry farms in pakistan. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
series |
PLoS ONE |
issn |
1932-6203 |
publishDate |
2015-01-01 |
description |
A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection on commercial poultry farms in 16 districts of Punjab, and 1 administrative unit of Pakistan. One hundred and thirty-three laboratory confirmed positive case farms were matched on the date of sample submission with 133 negative control farms. The association between a series of farm-level characteristics and the presence or absence of H9N2 was assessed by univariable analysis. Characteristics associated with H9N2 risk that passed the initial screening were included in a multivariable conditional logistic regression model. Manual and automated approaches were used, which produced similar models. Key risk factors from all approaches included selling of eggs/birds directly to live bird retail stalls, being near case/infected farms, a previous history of infectious bursal disease (IBD) on the farm and having cover on the water storage tanks. The findings of current study are in line with results of many other studies conducted in various countries to identify similar risk factors for AI subtype H9N2 infection. Enhancing protective measures and controlling risks identified in this study could reduce spread of AI subtype H9N2 and other AI viruses between poultry farms in Pakistan. |
url |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4361405?pdf=render |
work_keys_str_mv |
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