Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon.
BACKGROUND:Characterizing the parasite dynamics and population structure provides useful information to understand the dynamic of transmission and to better target control interventions. Despite considerable efforts for its control, vivax malaria remains a major health problem in Peru. In this study...
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doaj-da130aaad745454da3778c241dd44c942020-11-24T20:42:53ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352016-01-01101e000437610.1371/journal.pntd.0004376Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon.Christopher Delgado-RattoDionicia GamboaVeronica E Soto-CallePeter Van den EedeEliana TorresLuis Sánchez-MartínezJuan Contreras-MancillaAnna Rosanas-UrgellHugo Rodriguez FerrucciAlejandro Llanos-CuentasAnnette ErhartJean-Pierre Van GeertruydenUmberto D'AlessandroBACKGROUND:Characterizing the parasite dynamics and population structure provides useful information to understand the dynamic of transmission and to better target control interventions. Despite considerable efforts for its control, vivax malaria remains a major health problem in Peru. In this study, we have explored the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Iquitos, the main city in the Peruvian Amazon, and 25 neighbouring peri-urban as well as rural villages along the Iquitos-Nauta Road. METHODOLOGY/ RESULTS:From April to December 2008, 292 P. vivax isolates were collected and successfully genotyped using 14 neutral microsatellites. Analysis of the molecular data revealed a similar proportion of monoclonal and polyclonal infections in urban areas, while in rural areas monoclonal infections were predominant (p = 0.002). Multiplicity of infection was higher in urban (MOI = 1.5-2) compared to rural areas (MOI = 1) (p = 0.003). The level of genetic diversity was similar in all areas (He = 0.66-0.76, p = 0.32) though genetic differentiation between areas was substantial (PHIPT = 0.17, p<0.0001). Principal coordinate analysis showed a marked differentiation between parasites from urban and rural areas. Linkage disequilibrium was detected in all the areas ([Formula: see text] = 0.08-0.49, for all p<0.0001). Gene flow among the areas was stablished through Bayesian analysis of migration models. Recent bottleneck events were detected in 4 areas and a recent parasite expansion in one of the isolated areas. In total, 87 unique haplotypes grouped in 2 or 3 genetic clusters described a sub-structured parasite population. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our study shows a sub-structured parasite population with clonal propagation, with most of its components recently affected by bottleneck events. Iquitos city is the main source of parasite spreading for all the peripheral study areas. The routes of transmission and gene flow and the reduction of the parasite population described are important from the public health perspective as well for the formulation of future control policies.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4713096?pdf=render |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Christopher Delgado-Ratto Dionicia Gamboa Veronica E Soto-Calle Peter Van den Eede Eliana Torres Luis Sánchez-Martínez Juan Contreras-Mancilla Anna Rosanas-Urgell Hugo Rodriguez Ferrucci Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas Annette Erhart Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden Umberto D'Alessandro |
spellingShingle |
Christopher Delgado-Ratto Dionicia Gamboa Veronica E Soto-Calle Peter Van den Eede Eliana Torres Luis Sánchez-Martínez Juan Contreras-Mancilla Anna Rosanas-Urgell Hugo Rodriguez Ferrucci Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas Annette Erhart Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden Umberto D'Alessandro Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
author_facet |
Christopher Delgado-Ratto Dionicia Gamboa Veronica E Soto-Calle Peter Van den Eede Eliana Torres Luis Sánchez-Martínez Juan Contreras-Mancilla Anna Rosanas-Urgell Hugo Rodriguez Ferrucci Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas Annette Erhart Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden Umberto D'Alessandro |
author_sort |
Christopher Delgado-Ratto |
title |
Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. |
title_short |
Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. |
title_full |
Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. |
title_fullStr |
Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon. |
title_sort |
population genetics of plasmodium vivax in the peruvian amazon. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
series |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
issn |
1935-2727 1935-2735 |
publishDate |
2016-01-01 |
description |
BACKGROUND:Characterizing the parasite dynamics and population structure provides useful information to understand the dynamic of transmission and to better target control interventions. Despite considerable efforts for its control, vivax malaria remains a major health problem in Peru. In this study, we have explored the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Iquitos, the main city in the Peruvian Amazon, and 25 neighbouring peri-urban as well as rural villages along the Iquitos-Nauta Road. METHODOLOGY/ RESULTS:From April to December 2008, 292 P. vivax isolates were collected and successfully genotyped using 14 neutral microsatellites. Analysis of the molecular data revealed a similar proportion of monoclonal and polyclonal infections in urban areas, while in rural areas monoclonal infections were predominant (p = 0.002). Multiplicity of infection was higher in urban (MOI = 1.5-2) compared to rural areas (MOI = 1) (p = 0.003). The level of genetic diversity was similar in all areas (He = 0.66-0.76, p = 0.32) though genetic differentiation between areas was substantial (PHIPT = 0.17, p<0.0001). Principal coordinate analysis showed a marked differentiation between parasites from urban and rural areas. Linkage disequilibrium was detected in all the areas ([Formula: see text] = 0.08-0.49, for all p<0.0001). Gene flow among the areas was stablished through Bayesian analysis of migration models. Recent bottleneck events were detected in 4 areas and a recent parasite expansion in one of the isolated areas. In total, 87 unique haplotypes grouped in 2 or 3 genetic clusters described a sub-structured parasite population. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our study shows a sub-structured parasite population with clonal propagation, with most of its components recently affected by bottleneck events. Iquitos city is the main source of parasite spreading for all the peripheral study areas. The routes of transmission and gene flow and the reduction of the parasite population described are important from the public health perspective as well for the formulation of future control policies. |
url |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4713096?pdf=render |
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