Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), to date, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 91.8 million people worldwide with 1,986,871 deaths. This virus affects mainly the re...
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doaj-dc399a1ee42b45149caa5a7f3af07b1e2021-02-24T15:05:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-02-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.635471635471Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira0Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira1Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira2Camila Figueiredo Pinzan3Camila Figueiredo Pinzan4Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis5Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso6Microbiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BrazilFood Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, BrazilMicrobiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BrazilDepartment of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, BrazilCOVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), to date, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 91.8 million people worldwide with 1,986,871 deaths. This virus affects mainly the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is also a target, meanwhile SARS-CoV-2 was already detected in oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, rectum, and in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients. Prolonged GIT manifestations in COVID-19, mainly the diarrhea, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed SARS-CoV-2 clearance. So, the bidirectional interactions between the respiratory mucosa and the gut microbiota, known as gut-lung axis, are supposed to be involved in the healthy or pathologic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. In accordance, the intestinal dysbiosis is associated with increased mortality in other respiratory infections, due to an exacerbated inflammation and decreased regulatory or anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and in the gut, pointing to this important relationship between both mucosal compartments. Therefore, since the mucous membranes from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are affected, in addition to dysbiosis and inflammation, it is plausible to assume that adjunctive therapies based on the modulation of the gut microbiota and re-establishment of eubiosis conditions could be an important therapeutic approach for constraining the harmful consequences of COVID-19. Then, in this review, we summarized studies showing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal system and the related digestive COVID-19 manifestations, in addition to the literature demonstrating nasopharyngeal, pulmonary and intestinal dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we showed the potential beneficial role of probiotic administration in other respiratory infections, and discuss the possible role of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.635471/fullCOVID-19inflammationgut-lung axismicrobiotaprobiotics |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso |
spellingShingle |
Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 Frontiers in Immunology COVID-19 inflammation gut-lung axis microbiota probiotics |
author_facet |
Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Camila Figueiredo Pinzan Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso |
author_sort |
Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira |
title |
Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 |
title_short |
Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 |
title_full |
Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 |
title_fullStr |
Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 |
title_sort |
microbiota modulation of the gut-lung axis in covid-19 |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Immunology |
issn |
1664-3224 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), to date, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 91.8 million people worldwide with 1,986,871 deaths. This virus affects mainly the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is also a target, meanwhile SARS-CoV-2 was already detected in oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, rectum, and in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients. Prolonged GIT manifestations in COVID-19, mainly the diarrhea, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed SARS-CoV-2 clearance. So, the bidirectional interactions between the respiratory mucosa and the gut microbiota, known as gut-lung axis, are supposed to be involved in the healthy or pathologic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. In accordance, the intestinal dysbiosis is associated with increased mortality in other respiratory infections, due to an exacerbated inflammation and decreased regulatory or anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and in the gut, pointing to this important relationship between both mucosal compartments. Therefore, since the mucous membranes from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are affected, in addition to dysbiosis and inflammation, it is plausible to assume that adjunctive therapies based on the modulation of the gut microbiota and re-establishment of eubiosis conditions could be an important therapeutic approach for constraining the harmful consequences of COVID-19. Then, in this review, we summarized studies showing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal system and the related digestive COVID-19 manifestations, in addition to the literature demonstrating nasopharyngeal, pulmonary and intestinal dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we showed the potential beneficial role of probiotic administration in other respiratory infections, and discuss the possible role of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
topic |
COVID-19 inflammation gut-lung axis microbiota probiotics |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.635471/full |
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