Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities
<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of this study was to measure secondhand tobacco (including <em>kretek</em>) smoke (SHS) concentrations in public places in Jakarta, Bogor, and Palembang before laws banning smoking in public spaces went into effect.</p><p...
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doaj-dc6d59219c6d4007ad47a30277c78b1c2020-11-24T22:10:25ZengFaculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Medical Journal of Indonesia0853-17732252-80832013-12-01224232710.13181/mji.v22i4.606591Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian citiesM. J. Byron0Dollaris R. Suhadi1Lisa M. Hepp2Erika Avila-Tang3Jingyan Yang4Gema Asiani5Rubaeah Rubaeah6Stephen A. Tamplin7Tara S. Bam8Joanna E. Cohen9Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USASwisscontact Indonesia Foundation, Jakarta, IndonesiaInstitute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USADepartment of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USAInstitute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USAPalembang City Health Agency, Palembang, IndonesiaBogor City Health Department, Bogor, IndonesiaInstitute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USAInternational Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of this study was to measure secondhand tobacco (including <em>kretek</em>) smoke (SHS) concentrations in public places in Jakarta, Bogor, and Palembang before laws banning smoking in public spaces went into effect.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was measured in 15 hospitals, 15 government offices, 30 restaurants, and 26 entertainment venues throughout the three cities. Also, in Jakarta, vapor-phase nicotine was measured in 5 schools, 5 hospitals, 5 government offices, 9 restaurants, and 10 entertainment venues. Data were analyzed descriptively. Differences by city and venue characteristics were analyzed by Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni pairwise statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Geometric mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were highest in entertainment venues (96 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), followed by restaurants (78 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), government offices (57 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and hospitals (46 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). Air nicotine levels in Jakarta were highest in designated smoking areas (4.71 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) and designated non-smoking areas (1.55 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) of entertainment venues. These were followed by government offices (0.30 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), designated smoking areas (0.24 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) and designated non-smoking areas (0.19 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) of restaurants, hospitals (0.01 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and schools (0.01 μg/m<sup>3</sup>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> SHS was detected in all venues in the three cities in Indonesia. High levels of air nicotine were found in non-smoking areas of restaurants and entertainment venues, indicating that designated smoking areas are not an effective solution to eliminate SHS. There is no safe level of SHS exposure and thus SHS in these venues increases the risk of adverse health effects among children and adults. These findings support the need for 100% smoke-free laws covering all public venues in these and other Indonesian cities.<em><strong> (Med J Indones. 2013;22:232-7. doi: 10.13181/mji.v22i4.606)</strong> </em></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Cigarettes, kretek, protection, protect, secondhand smoke, smoke-free policy, tobacco</em></p>http://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/606 |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
M. J. Byron Dollaris R. Suhadi Lisa M. Hepp Erika Avila-Tang Jingyan Yang Gema Asiani Rubaeah Rubaeah Stephen A. Tamplin Tara S. Bam Joanna E. Cohen |
spellingShingle |
M. J. Byron Dollaris R. Suhadi Lisa M. Hepp Erika Avila-Tang Jingyan Yang Gema Asiani Rubaeah Rubaeah Stephen A. Tamplin Tara S. Bam Joanna E. Cohen Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities Medical Journal of Indonesia |
author_facet |
M. J. Byron Dollaris R. Suhadi Lisa M. Hepp Erika Avila-Tang Jingyan Yang Gema Asiani Rubaeah Rubaeah Stephen A. Tamplin Tara S. Bam Joanna E. Cohen |
author_sort |
M. J. Byron |
title |
Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities |
title_short |
Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities |
title_full |
Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities |
title_fullStr |
Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities |
title_full_unstemmed |
Secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three Indonesian cities |
title_sort |
secondhand tobacco smoke in public venues in three indonesian cities |
publisher |
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia |
series |
Medical Journal of Indonesia |
issn |
0853-1773 2252-8083 |
publishDate |
2013-12-01 |
description |
<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of this study was to measure secondhand tobacco (including <em>kretek</em>) smoke (SHS) concentrations in public places in Jakarta, Bogor, and Palembang before laws banning smoking in public spaces went into effect.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was measured in 15 hospitals, 15 government offices, 30 restaurants, and 26 entertainment venues throughout the three cities. Also, in Jakarta, vapor-phase nicotine was measured in 5 schools, 5 hospitals, 5 government offices, 9 restaurants, and 10 entertainment venues. Data were analyzed descriptively. Differences by city and venue characteristics were analyzed by Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni pairwise statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Geometric mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were highest in entertainment venues (96 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), followed by restaurants (78 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), government offices (57 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and hospitals (46 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). Air nicotine levels in Jakarta were highest in designated smoking areas (4.71 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) and designated non-smoking areas (1.55 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) of entertainment venues. These were followed by government offices (0.30 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), designated smoking areas (0.24 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) and designated non-smoking areas (0.19 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) of restaurants, hospitals (0.01 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and schools (0.01 μg/m<sup>3</sup>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> SHS was detected in all venues in the three cities in Indonesia. High levels of air nicotine were found in non-smoking areas of restaurants and entertainment venues, indicating that designated smoking areas are not an effective solution to eliminate SHS. There is no safe level of SHS exposure and thus SHS in these venues increases the risk of adverse health effects among children and adults. These findings support the need for 100% smoke-free laws covering all public venues in these and other Indonesian cities.<em><strong> (Med J Indones. 2013;22:232-7. doi: 10.13181/mji.v22i4.606)</strong> </em></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Cigarettes, kretek, protection, protect, secondhand smoke, smoke-free policy, tobacco</em></p> |
url |
http://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/606 |
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